CORNELL    UNIVERSITY 


OUTLINES  OF  STUDIES 


IN    THE    HISTORY   OF 


THE  MIDDLE   AGES 


WITH  SUGGEvSTIONS  AS  TO  THE  SOURCES 
OF  KNOWLEDGE 


BY 

GEORGE   LINCOLN    BURR 


THIRD   PERIOD  : 

RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION 


RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION. 

( 1300-1600  A.D.  ) 
OUTLINE  OF  COURSE. 

I. 
THE  RENAISSANCE. 

1 .  Christendom  at  the  Dawn  of  the  Renaissance. 

2.  The  Avignonese  Captivity  and  the  Great  Schism. 

3.  The  Rivalry  of  Hapsburg,  Luxemburg,  and  Wittelsbach. 

4.  The  Hundred  Years'  War. 

5.  Turk  and  Mongol  in  Europe. 

6.  The  Revival  of  the  Nation. 

7.  The  Revival  of  the  Individual. 

8.  The  Revival  of  Literature. 

9.  The  Revival  of  Art. 

10.  The  Revival  of  Science. 
n.  The  Revival  of  Conscience. 
12.  The  Age  of  Discovery. 

II. 
THE  REFORMATION. 

1.  Christendom  at  the  End  of  the  Fifteenth  Century. 

2.  The  Struggle  for  the  Balance  of  Power. 

3.  Humanism  and  Heresy. 

4.  The  German  Revolt  from  Rome. 

5.  The  Swiss  Revolt  from  Rome. 

6.  The  French  Revolt  from  Rome. 

7.  The  English  Revolt  from  Rome. 

8.  The  Social  Revolution. 

9.  Protestantism  and  the  Balance  of  Power. 

10.  Protestantism  in  the  Mediterranean  Lands. 

11.  Protestantism  in  Scandinavia  and  in  Slavdom. 

12.  The  Sects  of  the  Reformation. 


III. 

THE  REACTION. 

1.  The  Turk  and  the  Comet. 

2.  The  Rise  of  the  Jesuits. 

3.  The  Crisis  and  the  Council  of  Trent. 

4.  The  Jesuit  Reformation. 

5.  The  Spanish  Supremacy. 

6.  The  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands. 

7.  The  Religious  Wars  in  France. 

8.  England  and  the  Reaction. 

9.  Papacy  and  Empire. 

10.  Magyar  and  Slav. 

1 1 .  Occident  and  Orient. 

12.  The  Republic  of  Letters  and  of  Art. 


INTRODUCTORY  NOTE  ON 

THE  SOURCES  OF  KNOWLEDGE. 


The  original  sources  for  our  study  of  this  period  are  far  too  numerous 
and  too  scattered  to  be  fully  pointed  out  in  these  outlines.  They  may  be 
sought  through  the  standard  bibliographies  of  national  history  (for  Germany,  the 
Quellenkunde  of  DAHLMANN,  WAITZ,  and  STEINDORFF,  and  the  Geschichtsquellen 
of  I.ORENZ, — for  France,  Monod's  Bibliograpkie, — for  the  Low  Countries,  Pi- 
RENNE'S,— for  England,  MULLINGER'S  Introduction  and  GAIRDNER'S  Early  Chron- 
icles) or  through  the  introductions,  notes,  and  appendices  of  modern  writers  upon 
the  period.  Of  these,  most  useful  for  this  purpose  are  the  Histoire  generale  of 
LAVISSE  and  RAMBAUD,  the  church  histories  of  GIESELER,  ALZOO,  SCHAFF,  and 
MOLLER,  the  histories  of  the  Popes  by  CREIGHTON  and  PASTOR,  the  histories  of 
Germany  by  JANSSEN  and  GEBHARDT,  the  little  French  series  called  L'histoire 
de  France  racontee  par  les  contemporains,  and,  in  less  degree,  the  histories  of  En- 
gland by  LINGARD,  FROUDE,  GREEN,  and  BRIGHT.  Especially  valuable,  for  criti- 
cal estimates  of  the  sources,  are  the  works  of  RANKE  on  this  period.  To  the  year 
1500  one  can  use,  for  the  identification  of  these  sources,  and  for  a  knowledge  of 
their  editions  and  translations,  the  Bibliolheca  historica  of  POTTHAST.  To  the 
sources  for  the  history  of  the  Reformation,  the  best  guides  are  the  introductions 
of  SCHAFF  and  the  lists  of  books  appended  by  Dr.  FISHER  to  his  own  history  of 
the  Reformation  and  to  that  of  SEEBOHM.  A  multitude  of  more  special  works, 
which  in  their  own  fields  give  us  yet  more  valuable  guidance,  will  find  mention 
on  the  several  outlines. 

It  will  not  be  wise  to  repeat  on  each  outline  the  titles  of  those  general  histories 
which  are  of  use  for  the  whole  period.  It  goes  without  saying  that  the  encyclo- 
paedias, the  dictionaries  of  history  and  of  biography,  the  histories  of  civilization, 
of  art,  of  literature,  and  of  the  sciences,  the  general  histories  of  the  Middle  Ages, 
of  modern  times,  of  the  Christian  Church,  of  the  several  European  states,  all  treat 
with  greater  or  less  fullness  the  period  or  the  characters  of  our  study.  Many  of 
these  will  be  found  in  the  presses  of  the  general  reading-room  ;  and  all  possessed 
by  the  library  are  of  course  enumerated  under  these  rubrics  in  its  catalogue.  Of 
especial  value  will  be  found  the  articles  of  the  Encyclopedia  Britannica.  of  the 
Grande  Encyclopedic,  an  i  of  the  Allgemeine  Encyclopadie  of  ERSCH  and  GRUBER, 
the  biographies  of  the  Dictionary  of  National  Biography  and  of  the  Allgemeine 
deutsche  Biographic,  the  pertinent  chapters  of  the  Weltgeschichte  of  WEBER,  of 
the  Histoire  generale  of  LAVISSE  and  RAMUAUD,  and  of  the  universal  histories  of 
FISHER  and  ANDREWS,  the  histories  of  civilization,  mediaeval,  German,  or 
French,  by  GUIZOT,  1 1  AI.I.AM,  ADAMS,  FREYTAG,  RAMBAUD,  the  histories  of  the 
Middle  Ages  by  DURUY,  ASSMANN-MEYER,  PRUTZ,  of  Modern  Europe  by  DYER 
and  LODGE,  the  church  histories  of  BARONIUS  and  his  continuators,  of  ALZOG,  of 
GIESELER,  of  MILMAN,  of  FISHER,  of  MOLLER,  the  histories  of  Germany  by 

SOUCHAY,     SUGRNHBIM,     JANSSEN,      LAMPRECHT,     GEBHARDT,     HENDERSON,     of 

France  by  SISMONDI,  MARTIN,  DARESTE,  L.WALLEB,  CHALLAMBL,  DURUY,  of 
England  by  HUME,  LINGARD,  PAULI  and  BROSCH,  PEARSON,  FROUDE,  KNIGHT, 
GREEN,  BRIGHT,  GARDINER,  of  Italy  by  LEO,  SISMONDI,  CANTU,  of  Spain  and 


Portugal  by  DUNHAM,  SCHAEFER,  SCHIRRMACHER,  STEPHENS.  Many  of  these,  in- 
deed, have  been  iu  part  superannuated  by  later  research,  but  all  are  still  of  use 
as  a  whole  or  for  a  general  survey.  A  multitude  of  others,  less  serious  or  more 
antiquated,  which  will  be  found  by  aid  of  the  shelves  or  of  the  catalogue,  will 
serve  a  useful  purpose  when  better  books  are  not  available. 

The  general  histories  of  the  Renaissance,  the  Reformation,  the  Reaction  (more 
often  called  the  Counter- Re  formation),  together  with  the  more  useful  of  the 
special  works  dealing  singly  with  the  phases,  characters,  or  events  of  these 
epochs,  will  find  mention,  and  sometimes  description,  at  the  head  of  the  several 
outlines.  Only  such  books  will  be  named,  however,  as  are  in  the  university 
library,  and  therefore  accessible  to  the  members  of  the  class.  Works  of  imports 
ance  may  be  omitted  because  lacking  to  the  library  ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  only 
a  small  part  of  the  library's  actual  wealth  in  the  field  of  each  topic  can  be 
enumerated  on  the  outline.  To  this  further  literature,  however,  as  to  the 
original  sources,  the  works  named  will  prove  an  adequate  key,  and  the  university 
catalogue  a  door. 

Of  the  rich  collection  on  the  Reformation  which  forms  a  part  of  the  President 
White  Library  a  special  catalogue  has  been  printed  ;  and  one  of  our  noble  Dante 
collection,  the  gift  of  Professor  Fiske,  which  includes  many  works  dealing  with 
the  whole  history  of  the  Renaissance,  is  now  under  way.  These  as  well  as  the 
general  slip  catalogue  of  the  library  must  therefore  be  consulted.  Much  too  of 
value  to  our  study  may  be  found  in  the  printed  catalogue  of  the  Miscellanea  of  the 
White  Library. 

The  bes*  historical  atlases  for  our  use  are  those  of  SPRDNER-MENKE  and  of 
DROYSEN  ;  but  the  smaller  ones  of  LABBERTON,  COLLIER,  FONCIN,  COLBECK, 
serve  a  useful  purpose,  as  does  also  the  little  one  attached  to  FREEMAN'S  in- 
valuable Historical  Geography  of  Europe.  The  best  handbook  of  dates  is  that  of 
PLOETZ,  in  the  translation  of  Tillinghast.  The  most  useful  genealogical  tables 
are  those  of  GEORGE  and  GROTE  and  the  elaborate  old  ones  of  HUEBNER. 


THE  RENAISSANCE. 

I. 
CHRISTENDOM  AT  THE  DAWN  OF  THE  RENAISSANCE. 


Besides  the  general  and  national  histories,  the  best  sources  for 
such  a  survey  of  the  Christian  world  at  the  end  of  the  i3th  century  are  the  atlases, 
with  the  texts  accompanying  them.  A  map  showing  the  condition  of  things  at 
any  time  between  1270  and  1325  will  answer  the  purpose.  To  this  should  be  added 
some  map  showing  the  ecclesiastical  divisions  of  Christendom  in  the  closing 
centuries  of  the  Middle  Ages. 

I.  Its  extent. 

i.  Latin  Christendom.     2.  Greek  Christendom. 

II.  Its  neighbors. 

i.  Islam.     2.  The  Orient. 

III.  Its  elements. 

1.  The  Church. 

2.  The  Empires. 

a.  The  Greek,     b.  The  German. 

3.  The  Kingdoms. 

a.  Germany,  b.  France,  c.  England,  d.  The  Spanish 
kingdoms  (Aragon,  Castile,  Portugal,  Navarre),  e. 
The  Scandinavian  kingdoms  (Denmark,  Sweden, 
Norway),  f.  The  Slavic  kingdoms  (Bohemia,  Po- 
land, Lithuania),  g.  The  Danubian  kingdoms  (Hun- 
gary, Servia,  Bulgaria),  h.  Kingdoms  moribund  and 
kingdoms  nascent. 

4.  The  Cities. 

a.  The  Italian  cities,  b.  The  Flemish  cities,  c.  The 
Baltic  cities. 

5.  The  Universities. 


THE  RENAISSANCE, 
ii. 

THE  AVIGNONESE   CAPTIVITY  AND  THE  GREAT  SCHISM. 

Original  Sources.  To  the  acts  of  Boniface  VIII  and  his  next  successor 
the  Regesta  Pontificum  of  Potthast  is  the  invaluable  guide.  Most  of  the  bulls 
may  be  found  in  the  Bullaria  or  in  the  Corpus  juris  canonici,  and  the  more  im- 
portant documents  of  the  controversy  with  Philip  are  printed  in  full  in  the  An- 
nales  ecclesiastici  of  Raynaldus  (the  continuator  of  Baronius).  Translations  of 
some  of  them  may  be  found  in  Henderson's  Historical  documents.  The  complete 
Registrum  of  Boniface's  official  utterances,  now  in  process  of  publication,  the  li- 
brary does  not  yet  own.  The  career  of  Philip  IV  we  shall  soon  have  occasion  to 
study  more  fully  in  another  connection,  and  discussion  of  the  sources  may  wait 
till  then. 

For  Clement  V  we  happily  possess  the  exhaustive  edition  of  his  utterances  lately 
put  forth  by  the  papal  press.  The  contemporary  lives  of  the  Avignonese  Popes 
are  all  gathered  in  the  Vitae  Paparum  Avenionensium  of  Baluze.  The  other  nar- 
rative sources  for  their  story  are  mainly  to  be  found  in  the  great  national  collec- 
tions (especially  the  Rerum  Italicarum  scriptores  of  Muratori, — the  Recueil  des 
historiens  de  la  France,  begun  by  Bouquet, — the  Monumenta  Germaniae  historica, 
still  sometimes  known  by  the  name  of  its  first  editor,  Pertz, — the  "  Rolls  series  " 
of  Chronicles  and  memorials  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland}.  The  most  vivid 
glimpses  of  the  condition  of  things  ecclesiastical  in  the  Empire  at  this  time  are 
perhaps  to  be  found  in  the  Chronicon  of  the  Franciscan  friar,  John  of  Winter- 
thur  (Vitoduranus),  which  is  accessible  also  in  a  German  translation.  In  the 
sources  touching  the  suppression  of  the  Templars  our  library  is  rich.  The  best 
bibliography  of  them  is  Gmelin's,  in  his  Schuld  oder  Unschuld  des  Templerordens. 

The  two  most  important  sources  for  the  Great  Schism — the  De  scismate  of  Die- 
trich of  Nieheim  (Theodoricus  de  Niem)  and  the  Cosmodromium  of  Gobelinus 
Persona— are  not  in  the  library.  The  acts  of  the  Councils  of  Pisa  and  Constance 
may  be  found  not  only  in  the  comprehensive  collections  of  the  Concilia  (ours  is 
the  well-indexed  one  of  Hardouin),  but  in  H.  von  der  Hardt's  great  work  on  the 
Council  of  Constance,  in  which  are  gathered  also  nearly  everything  of  import- 
ance for  the  history  of  that  Council.  The  interesting  chronicle  of  the  Council  by 
a  burgher  of  Constance,  Ulrich  von  Richental,  is  written  in  German.  The  best 
picture  of  the  religious  evils  of  the  I4th  century  is  perhaps  the  De  planctu  Ecclf- 
siae  of  Alvarus  Pelagius. 

Remoter  Sources.  The  best  general  chapters  may  be  found  in  the 
church  histories  (SchafF,  alas,  did  not  live  to  publish  his  volume  on  this  part  of 
the  Middle  Ages)  and  those  of  the  Papacy  (Greenwood,  Creighton,  Pastor).  Of 
more  special  works  may  be  named  :  Tosli,  Vita  di  Bonifazio  VIII. — Gregorovius, 
Geschichte  der  Stadt  Rom  im  Mittelalter.— Rocquain,  I,e  cour  de  Rome  et  1'esprit 
de  relormeavant  l,uiher.—Ddlh'nger,  Anagni  (in  his  Akademische  Vortrage,  i).— 
Wenck,  Clemens  V  und  Heinrich  VII.— Fournier,  I,e  royaume  d'Arles.—  Dollinger, 
Deutschlands  Kampf  mil  dem  Papstthum  unter  Kaiser  Ludwig  dem  Bayer 
(in  his  Akademische  Vortrage,  i,  and  in  English  translation,  in  his  Studies  in  Ku- 
ropean  History,  as  The  struggle  of  Germany  with  the  Papacy  under  the  Emperor 
I,udwig  of  Bavaria).— Lindner,  Die  Wahl  Urban's  VI  (in  the  Historische  Zeit- 


schrift,  xxviii). —  Valois,  L'61ection  d'  Urbain  VI  et  les  origines  du  grand  schisnie 
(in  the  Revue  des  questions  historiques,  xlviii)  ;  and  especially  his  La  France  et 
le  grand  schisnie  d'  Occident. — Lenfanl,  Histoire  du  Concile  de  Pise. — Hefele,  Con- 
ciliengeschichte,  vi. —  Tosti,  Storia  del  Concilio  di  Costanza. — Erler,  Dietrich  von 
Nieheim. 

On  the  episode  of  the  Templars  the  best  chapter  is  that  of  Lea,  in  his  History 
of  the  Inquisition,  iii ;  as  to  the  rest  of  the  literature  see  Langlois'  article  in  the 
Revue  historique,  xl,  or  Gmelin's  excellent  book,  already  cited— the  library 
has  all  of  importance.  Mr.  Lea's  work  is,  too,  the  best  on  the  dealings  of  the 
Church  with  the  heretics.  The  heresies  themselves  and  the  efforts  at  religious 
reform,  as  well  as  the  political  history  of  Christendom  during  this  period,  are 
subjects  for  our  later  study. 

I.   Pope  Boniface  VIII  and  King  Philip  IV. 

1.  Benedetto  Gaetani  (Pope  1294-1303). 

2.  Philip  the  Fair,  of  France  (King  1285-1314). 

3.  The  Papacy  and  the  French  nation. 

4.  The  struggle. 

The  bull  Clericis  laicos  (1296). — The  bull  Ausculta  fili 
(1301). — The  bull  Unam  sanctum  (1302). — The  epi- 
sode at  Anagni  (1303). 

5.  Pope  Benedict  XI  (1303-1304). 

II.  The  "  Babylonish  Captivity  "  of  the  Papacy  ( 1305-1377). 

1.  Pope  Clement  V  (1305-1314). 

Clement  and  Philip. — The  suppression  of  the  Templars. 
Clement  and  the  Emperor  Henry  VII. 

2.  Pope  John  XXII  (1316-1334). 

The  quarrel  with  the  Bavarian. 

3.  The  later  Avignonese  Popes. 

Benedict  XII.— Clement  VI.— Innocent  VI.— Urban  V.— 
Gregory  XI. 

4.  Rome  during  the  Captivity. 

Orsini  and  Colonna. — The  republic  of  Rienzi  ( 1347-1354 ). 

5.  The  Church  during  the  Captivity. 

The  papal  administration. — The  religious  life. — The  Fran- 
ciscan quarrels. — Lollardry  and  mysticism. 

6.  The  return  to  Rome. 

The  first  return  (1367-1369). — The  second  return  (1377). 
St.  Catharine  of  Siena. 

III.  The  "  Great  Schism  of  the  West  "  ( 1378-1418). 

1.  The  double  Papacy. 

2.  The  Council  of  Pisa  ( 1409). 

3.  The  triple  Papacy. 

4.  The  Council  of  Constance  (1414-1418). 

5.  The  results  of  Captivity  and  Schism. 


THE  RENAISSANCE, 
ill. 

THE   RIVALRY   OF  HAPSBURG,    LUXEMBURG,    AND 
WITTELSBACH. 

Original  Sources.  To  these  the  one  sufficient  guide  is  Lorenz's  Deutsch- 
lands  Geschichtsquellen  im  Mittelalter  seit  der  Mitte  des  ij.Jahrhunderts  ;  but  a  new 
edition  is  now  sorely  needed.  Only  a  beginning  has  yet  been  made  in  t!;e 
gathering  of  the  sources  for  this  period  of  the  history  of  Germany  into  the  great 
national  collection,  the  Monumenta  Germaniae  historica.  Much  more  may  be 
found  in  the  Austrian  Fontes  rerum  Austriacarum  and  Archiv  fur  oesterreichische 
Geschichte,  in  the  Bavarian  Quellen  zur  Bayerischen  und  Deutschen  Geschichte,  and 
in  the  other  collections  of  single  states  (the  Bohemian  sources  we  unhappily 
lack)  ;  much,  too,  in  the  collection  of  German  city  chronicles,  the  Chroniken  der 
deutschen  Stadte.  Of  the  Swiss  sources  our  library  has  only  a  detached  volume  or 
two  (like  the  chronicle  of  John  of  Winterthur)  ;  and  the  same  is  true  of  the  Saxon 
and  Thuringian  ones  (of  which,  however,  we  possess  the  valuable  Chronicon 
Sampetrinum  and  the  chronicle  of  Johann  Rothe).  Some  of  the  most  interesting, 
like  the  chronicle  of  Nauclerus  and  the  Fasciculus  temporum  of  Werner  Rolevinck, 
must  still  be  sought  in  separate  editions.  To  the  doings  of  the  Emperors  the 
best  key  is  the  Regesta  imperil,  in  the  old  edition  of  Bonnier  and  Chmel  or  the 
uncompleted  new  one  of  Ficker  and  his  colleagues.  Of  prime  importance,  so 
far  as  published,  are  the  Deutsche  Reichstagsakten,  which  contain  not  only  the 
proceedings  of  the  Diets,  but  much  else  relating  to  them.  The  treatises  main- 
taining the  cause  of  the  Empire  against  the  Papacy  are  accessible  to  us  in  the  old 
collection  of  Schard. 

Remoter  Sources.  Bryce,  The  Holy  Roman  Empire.  —  Lindner, 
Deutsche  Geschichte  unter  den  Habsburgeru  und  Luxemburgern  ; — Geschichte  des 
deutschen  Reiches  unter  Konig  Wenzel. — Lorenz,  Untersuchungen  zur  Geschichte 
des  13.  und  14.  Jahrhundert  (in  his  Drei  Biicher  Geschichte). — Nitzsch,  Geschichte 
des  deutschen  Volkes,  iii. — Himly,  Histoire  de  la  formation  territoriale  des  6tats 
de  1'Europe  centrale. — Krones,  Huber,  Geschichte  Oesterreichs. — Leger,  Histoire 
de  1'Autriche-Hongrie  (also  in  English  as  History  of  Austria-Hungary). — Coxe, 
History  of  the  House  of  Austria,  \.-Dierauer,  Geschichte  der  schweizerischen 
Eidgenossenschaft. — Dandliker,  Historic  du  peuple  suisse  (we  have  not  the  Ger- 
man original). — Oecksli,  Die  Anfange  der  schweizerischen  Eidgenossenschaft. 
(For  the  legend  of  Tell,  see  Vischer,  Meyer  von  Knonau,  Die  Sage  von  der 
Befreiung  der  Waldstadte. — Rochholz,  Tell  und  Gessler. )  -Adams  and  Cunning- 
ham, The  Swiss  Confederation. — Baker,  The  model  republic. — Lutzow,  Bohemia. — 
Gregor ,The  story  of  Bohemia.— Riezler,  Schreiber,  Geschichte  \\aierns.-Heigel,  Die 
Wittelsbacher.  —  Dollinger,  Das  Haus  Wittelsbach  (in  his  Akademische  Vortrage, 
i ;  also,  in  F.nglish,  in  his  Studies  in  European  History,  as  The  House  of  Wittels- 
bach).— Hausser,  Geschichte  der  rheinischen  Pfalz.—  Droysen,  Geschichte  der 
preussischen  Politik,  i,  \\.-Stenzel,  Berner,  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staats. 
—Rdttiger,  Geschichte  des  Kurstaates  und  Kuiiigreichs  Sachsen.— ^iaco&s,  Ge- 
schichte der  Provinz  Sachsen.— Heinemann,  Geschichte  von  Braunschweig  und 
Hannover.—  fiarante,  Histoire  des  dues  de  BourgogiiL-  de  la  maison  de  Vulois.— 
Barthold,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Stadte.  —  Schldzer,  Die  Ilansa. — Danell,  Ge- 
schichte der  deutschen  Hanse. — Zimmern,  The  il:ins:i  towns. — Lindner,  Die 
Verne. 


Of  especial  value  throughout  this  study  are  the  masterly  biographical  articles 
of  t\\e  Allgemeine  deutsche  Biographie.  A  flood  of  monographs  on  special  events 
and  phases  of  this  period  may  be  found  in  the  Historische  Zeitschrift,  the 
Forschungen  zur  deutschen  Geschichte,  the  Historisches  Taschenbuch,  the  Archiv 
and  Neues  Archiv  of  the  Gesellschaft  Jur  altere  deutsche  Geschichtskunde,  the 
Mittheilungen  des  Instituts  fur  oesterreichische  Geschichtsforschung,  and  in  the 
publications  of  the  academies  of  Vienna,  Munich,  Leipzig,  and  Berlin. 

I .  The  rise  of  the  House  of  Hapsburg  ( Habsburg ) . 

1 .  Its  home  and  lands. 

2.  The  career  of  Rudolf  ( 1218-1291 ). 

The  Hapsburg  inheritance. — The  Kyburg  inheritance. — 
The  imperial  election  (1273). — The  winning  of  the 
Austrian  lands. 

3.  Adolf  of  Nassau  (1291-1298). 

4.  Albert  I  of  Hapsburg  (1298-1308). 

The  quarrel  with  Pope  Boniface. — Albert  and  Philip  of 
France. — The  attempt  on  Bohemia  and  Thuringia. — 
John  the  Parricide. 

II.  The  rise  of  the  House  of  Luxemburg. 

1 .  Its  home  and  lands. 

2.  Count  Henry  (1269-1308). 

His  training. — His  administration. — Baldwin  of  Treves. 

3.  Henry  VII  (1308-1313). 

The  winning  of  Bohemia. — The  expedition  to  Rome. 

III.  The  rise  of  the  House  of  Wittelsbach. 

1 .  The  early  Wittelsbachers. 

The  winning  of  Bavaria. — The  winning  of  the  Rhenish 
Palatinate. — The  partitions. 

2.  Louis  the  Bavarian  (1314-1347). 

a.  The  Hapsburg  rivalry. 

The  disputed  election. — The  Hapsburgs  and  the 
Swiss  (Morgarten,  1315). — The  fight  near  Miihl- 
dorf  (1322). — The  compromise  with  the  captive 
Hapsburg  (Frederic  III,  1314-1330). 

b.  The  quarrel  with  the  Papacy. 

Marsilio  of  Padua  and  William  of  Ockham. — The 
coronation  at  Rome  (1328). — The  electoral  union 
and  the  declaration  of  Reuse  (1338). 

c.  The  winning  of  Brandenburg. — The  attempt  on   the 

Tyrol. — The  winning  of  Holland. 

d.  The  Luxemburg  rivalry. 

John  of  Bohemia  and  his  schemes. — His  Italian  ad- 
ventures.— His  death  at  Crecy  ( 1346). — Charles  of 
Moravia. 


IV.  The  Bohemian  Emperors. 

1.  Charles  IV  (1347-1378). 

a.  Giinther  of  Schwarzburg. 

b.  Charles  and  the  Church. 

c.  Charles  as  King  of  Bohemia. 

His  administration. — The  beautifying  of  Prague. — 
The  university.  —  The  national  revival  of  the 
Czechs. 

d.  Charles  as  Emperor. 

The  coronation  at  Rome  (1355). — The  Golden  Bull 
(1356). — Charles  and  the  Burgundian  kingdom. — 
The  second  Italian  expedition. — Charles  and  the 
Hanse  towns. — Charles  and  the  Swiss. — Charles 
and  the  Swabian  cities. 

2.  Wenceslaus  (1378-1400,  d.  1419). 

His  character. — His  administration. — The  winning  of  the 
Tyrol  b}'  the  Hapsburgs,  and  their  final  defeat  by  the 
Swiss  (Sempach,  1386;  Na'fels,  1388). 

3.  The   Wittelsbach    anti-king :    Rupert    of    the    Palatinate 

(1400-1410). 

4.  Sigismund  (1410-1437). 

V.  The  Austrian  Emperors. 

1.  Albert  II  (1438-1439). 

2.  Frederic  III  (IV)   (1440-1493). 

VI.  The  rising  Houses. 

1.  The  House  of  Wettin. 

2.  The  House  of  Hohenzollern. 

3.  The  Burgundian  Capetians. 

4.  The  lesser  dynasties. 

Wiirttemberg. — Baden. — Hesse. — The  waning  House  of 
Welf. 

VII.  Other  rivals  for  power  in  the  Empire. 

1.  The  electoral  union. 

2.  The  city  leagues. 

3.  The  imperial  knights. 

4.  The  Vehmic  courts. 


THE  RENAISSANCE. 
EH. 

THE   HUNDRED  YEARS'  WAR. 

Original  Sources.  As  bibliographies  use  Monod  aiid  Mullinger  and  the 
excellent  lists  appended  to  the  chapters  of  the  Histoire  glnerale.  In  Franklin's 
Les  sources  de  V histoire  franfaise  may  be  found  a  fuller  analysis  than  Potthast's 
of  the  great  French  collections.  Of  these  collections  the  Recueil  des  historiens  de 
France  comes  down  as  yet  no  further  than  the  reigns  of  Philip  IV  and  his  sons. 
For  the  later  years  the  editions  issued  by  the  Societe  de  P  histoire  de  France  are  most 
important.  Much  may  also  be  found  in  the  great  national  Collection  des  docu- 
ments inedits  sur  P  histoire  de  France  and  in  the  issues  of  the  Societe  deT  histoire 
de  Paris ;  and  the  Belgian  national  collection,  the  Chroniques  beiges,  is  rich  espe- 
cially in  sources  Burgundian  in  sympathy.  Not  a  little  must  still  be  sought  in 
the  older  French  collections  of  Buchon,  of  Petitot  and  Monmerque,  and  of  Mi- 
chaud  and  Poujoulat.  The  most  entertaining  of  the  chroniclers,  Froissart  and 
Monstrelet,  are  happily  available  also  in  English  translation.  The  sources  from 
the  English  side  are  gathered  mainly  in  the  Rolls  series,  and  in  the  publications 
of  the  English  Historical  Society  and  of  the  Camden  Society.  Rymer's  Faedera 
is  the  great  storehouse  for  the  international  documents  of  most  importance  ;  but 
the  great  treaties  of  the  war  have  been  more  carefully  edited  by  Cosneau  for  the 
Collection  de  textes  pour  servir  a  Venseignement  de  I' histoire.  Of  the  periodicals 
the  Biblioth'eque  de  PJ&cole  des  Charles  is  most  useful.  Abundant  and  well  edited 
extracts  from  the  sources  will  be  found  in  the  little  series  of  Zeller,  L'histoire  de 
France  racontee  par  les  contemporains,  of  which  a  dozen  volumes  are  devoted  to 
this  period  ;  and  a  similar  body,  in  English  translation,  has  been  gathered  by 
Ashley  in  his  The  wars  of  Edward  ///.  In  his  admirable  edition  of  the  trial  of 
Jeanne  d'Arc,  Quicherat  has  gathered  nearly  all  the  sources  for  her  story.  Of 
the  most  important  of  these,  the  records  of  the  trial  itself,  there  is  a  French 
translation,  though  no  English  one.  For  the  study  of  Jeanne's  career  our  library 
lacks  nothing  of  real  importance. 

It <-inot«.-r  Sources.  Stubbs,  The  early  1'lantagenets.  —  Prothero,  Bhnont, 
Simon  de  Montfort. — Clifford,  Tout,  Edward  l.—Funck-Brentano,  Philippe  le  Bel 
en  Flandre. — Michel,  Les  Ecossais  en  France,  les  Francais  en  Ecosse. — Barnes, 
Longman,  Warburton,  Edward  III  — Wallon,  Richard  \\.-Gairdner,  Lancaster 
and  York  —  Ramsay,  Lancaster  and  York.—  Wylie,  England  under  Henry  IV.— 
Jamison,  Bertrand  du  Guesclin.— Luce,  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  ;— La  Jacquerie  ; — 
La  France  pendant  la  guerre  de  Cent  Ans  ;— Jeanne  d'Arc  a  Domremy.—  Michelet, 
Wallon,  Sepet,  Ayroles,  Oliphant,  Jeanne  d'Arc.— Quicherat,  Aper?us  nouveaux 
sur  1'histoire  de  Jeanne  d'Arc.-  Lowell,  Joan  of  Arc  (the  best  life  of  her).— Ballet 
de  Viriville,  Du  Fresne  de  Beaucourt,  Histoire  de  Charles  VII.— Longnon,  Paris  pen- 
dant la  domination  anglaise.— Cosneau,  Trebuchet,  Le  connetable  de  Richemont.— 
Quicherat,  Rodrigue  de  Villandrando.—  Tuetey,  Lea  ecorcheurs  sous  Charles  VII.— 
Clement,  Jacques  Creur  et  Charles  Vll.—Barante,  Histoire  des  dues  de  Bourgogne. 
—Fredericq,  Le  r61e  politique  et  social  des  dues  de  Bourgogne  dans  les  Pays- Has.— 
Denton,  England  in  the  isth  century. 


I.  The  French  king  and  his  English  vassal. 

1.  The  rise  and  decline  of  the  Plantagenet  domain  in  France. 

The  Angevin  lands. — The  Norman  inheritance. — The  Poi- 
tevin  marriage. — John's  forfeiture  of  the  French  heri- 
tage.— The  rescue  of  Guienne  (Aquitaine). — The  Treaty 
of  Paris  ( 1 259 ) . 

2.  Philip  IV  and  Edward  I. 

The  policy  of  Edward.— The  policy  of  Philip.— The  col- 
lision in  Guienne, — in  Flanders, — in  Scotland, — on  the 
sea.  The  treaties  (1299,  1303)  and  the  double  royal 
marriage. 

3.  The  sons  of  Philip  and  of  Edward. 

Louis  X  (1314-1316), —  Philip  V  (1316-1322), —  Charles 

IV  (1322-1328).     Edward  II  (1307-1327). 
II.  The  proximate  causes  of  the  war. 

1 .  The  advent  of  the  Valois. 

Philip  VI  (1328-1350). — Edward  III  of  England  (1327- 
1377)  and  his  claim  to  the  French  throne. 

2.  Robert  of  Artois. 

3.  The  Scotch  war  of  independence  and  its  French  support. 

4.  The  friction  in  Guienne. 

5.  The  friction  in  Flanders. 

Cassel  ( 1328). — The  arrest  of  the  English  ( 1336)  and  their 
seizure  of  Cadzand  (1337). — Artevelde  and  the  social 
revolution . 

III.  The  war  :  first  period  (1338-1360). 

1.  The  appeal  to  the  Empire  (1338)  and  Edward's  diplomacy. 

2.  The  invasion  of  Flanders  (1340). 

3.  The  war  of  the  Breton  succession. 

4.  Crecy  (1346)  and  Calais  (1347).     Neville's  Cross  (1346). 

5.  The  winning  of  Dauphiny  (1344)  and  of  Montpellier  ( 1349). 

6.  John  the  Good  (1350-1364). 

The  Black  Prince  in  Guienne. — Charles  the  Bad  of  Na- 
varre.—  The  appeal  to  the  States-General. —  Etienne 
Marcel. — Poitiers  (1356)  and  the  king's  captivity. 

7.  The  Dauphin  and  Etienne  Marcel. 

8.  The  Jacquerie  ( 1358). 

9.  The  Peace  of  Bretigny  (1360). 

IV.  The  war  :  second  period  (1360-1380). 

1.  Charles  V,  the  Wise  (1364-1380). 

His  character  and  administration. — The  struggle  with  the 
Black  Prince  in  Guienne  and  in  Castile. — The  sack  of 
Limoges. 

2.  Bertrand  du  Guesclin. 

The  reconquest  of  the  South. — Renewal  of  the  Scotch 
alliance. — Death  of  the  Black  Prince  (1376)  and  of  Ed- 
ward III  (1377). — Richard  II  (1377-1399). — Death  of 
Du  Guesclin  and  of  Charles  the  \\ise  (iv-£c>. 


V.  The  war  :  third  period  (1380-1413). 

1.  Charles  VI,  the  Mad  (1380-1421). 

The  rule  of  the  princes  of  the  blood  (Anjou, — Berry, — 
Burgundy, — Bourbon ) . — Clisson. 

2.  The  social  revolution  in  France  and  in  England. 

The  Mailjotins  at  Paris. — Philip  van  Artevelde  in  Flan- 
ders (Roosebeke,  1382). — Wat  Tyler  in  England. 

3.  The  feud  of  Burgundy  and  Orleans. 

The  truces. — The  wars  in  Scotland,  in  Flanders,  and  in 
Castile. — The  royal  marriage  (1396). — Henry  of  Lan- 
caster (Henry  IV,  1399-1413)  and  French  intrigue  in 
Britain. — The  murder  of  Louis  of  Orleans  (1407)  and 
the  civil  war  of  Burgundians  and  Armagnacs. — The 
Cabochiens  (1413). 

VI.  The  war  :  fourth  period  (1413-1429). 

1.  Henry  V  of    England   (1413-1422)   and   the   conquest   of 

France. 

Agincourt  (1415). — The  overrunning  of  France. — The 
murder  of  John  of  Burgundy  (1419). — The  royal  mar- 
riage and  the  Treaty  of  Troyes  (1420). — Death  of 
Henry  V  and  of  Charles  the  Mad  ( 1422). 

2.  The  two  kings  of  France. 

Henry  of  England  and  of  France  and  Charles,  the  "  king 
of  Bourges  "  (Charles  VII,  1422-1461). — Bedford. — 
Richemont  and  La  Tremoille. — The  siege  of  Orleans. 

VII.  The  war  :  fifth  period  ( 1429-1453). 

1.  Jeanne  d"  Arc. 

Her  peasant  birth  (1412). — Her  home  and  early  years. — 
The  relief  of  Orleans  (1429). — Patay. — The  coronation 
at  Rheims. — The  assault  on  Paris. — The  campaign  on 
the  upper  Loire. — Her  capture  at  Coinpiegne  (1430). — 
Her  captivity  and  her  judicial  murder  ( 1431). 

2.  The  comrades  of  the  Maid. 

Alencon. — The  constable  Richemont. — Dunois. — La  Hire 
and  Saintrailles. — Rodrigo  de  Villandrando  and  the  free 
companies. — The  shelving  of  La  Tremoille  ( 1433). 

3.  The  expulsion  of  the  English. 

The  death  of  Bedford  and  the  Burgundian  peace  (1435). 
— Paris  regained  (1436). — The  Praguerie  ( 1440).— The 
truce  (1444). — Agnes  Sorel. — The  Angevin  marriage 
(1445)  and  the  surrender  of  Maine. — Reorganization  of 
the  army. — Reorganization  of  finance  and  of  justice. — 
Jacques  Cceur. — The  purging  of  Normandy  (Formigny, 
1450). — The  purging  of  Guienne  (fall  of  Bordeaux, 
'453)- 

VIII.  The  results  of  the  war. 


THE  RENAISSANCE, 
v. 

TURK  AND  MONGOL  IN  EUROPE. 

In  Oriental  authorities  for  the  history  of  the  Mongols  and  the  Turks,  whether 
in  the  original  tongue  or  in  translation,  our  library  is  not  rich.  It  has,  indeed,  the 
history  of  the  East  Mongols  by  the  Mongolian  Sanang  Setzen,  and  its  translation 
into  German  ;  it  has,  both  in  the  Arabic  and  in  French  translation,  the  im- 
portant history  of  the  Mongols  by  Abul-Ghazi ;  it  has  a  Russian  version  of  the 
Persian  history  by  Khandamir;  it  has,  both  in  Persian  and  in  English,  the 
Tabakat-i-Nastrt,  or  history  of  the  Mohammedan  dynasties,  which  is  of  especial 
value  for  the  irruption  of  the  Mongols  into  Islam  ;  it  has,  in  English  translation, 
the  Malfiizdt,  the  somewhat  questionable  autobiography  of  Timur  himself,  and 
in  French  the  extracts  regarding  his  invasion  of  southeastern  Europe  collected 
from  Mussulman  historians  by  Charmoy,  while  all  the  passages  of  Oriental  his- 
torians describing  his  invasion  of  India  may  be  found  in  English  in  Elliot's  His- 
tory of  India  ;  and  it  has  in  the  Persian,  but  alas,  not  in  translation,  the  classical 
Persian  history  of  Timur,  the  Zafar-ndmah.  Of  value  too,  both  for  Timur  and 
for  the  Turks  is  the  Persian  history  of  the  Kurds,  the  Ckeref-n&meh  (Sharaf- 
ndmah),  of  which  we  have  Charmoy's  French  translation.  A  considerable  body 
of  pertinent  extracts  from  Armenian  historians  may  be  found  in  the  Journal 
asiatique  for  1858.  In  the  contemporary  accounts  of  European  observers — of  the 
missionary  friars,  of  Rubruquis,  of  Marco  Polo,  of  Clavijo,  and  of  their  fellows— 
we  are  much  richer.  The  stories  of  such  of  these  as  tell  of  China  are  admirably 
edited  by  Colonel  Yule  in  his  Cathay  and  the  way  thither  •  and  his  introduction 
and  notes  to  this,  as  to  his  edition  of  Marco  Polo,  are  of  the  highest  interest. 
Markham,  too,  has  prefixed  to  his  translation  of  Clavijo  a  fresh  life  of  Timur. 
The  Byzantine  sources  may  nearly  all  be  found  in  the  Corpus  scriptorum  hisloriae 
Byzantinae  ;  and  Gibbon,  whose  masterly  narrative  is  here  at  its  best,  may  serve 
as  a  guide  in  their  use.  He  is  best  supplemented  by  Krumbacher's  Geschichte  der 
byzantinischen  Litteratur.  The  Turkish  sources  are  fully  discussed  by  Hammer. 
To  the  Russian  sources  the  standard  key  is  Bestuzhev-Rjumin's  Quellen  und 
Literatur  zur  russischen  Geschichte. 

Remoter  Sources.  Guignes,  Histoire  des  Huns,  des  Turcs,  des  Mogols. 
—Ohsson,  Histoire  des  Mongols. — Remusat,  Relations  politiques  des  princes  chr6- 
tiens  avec  les  empereurs  mongols  (also  abridged  in  his  Melanges  asiatiques,  where, 
as  in  his  Nouveaux  melanges  and  in  his  Memoirs  sur  plusieurs  questions  relatives 
a  la  geographic  de  1'Asie  cent'rale,  is  much  else  of  interest  to  this  subject). — Herbelot, 
Bibliotheque  orientale.— Klaproth,  Memoirs  relatifs  i  1'Asie  ;— Tableaux  histo- 
riques  de  1'Asie. — Petis  de  la  Croix,  History  of  Genghizcan  (  from  the  French). — 
Rasmussen,  Annales  Islamismi.  —  Lane-Poole,  The  Mohammadan  dynasties. — 
Mulltr,  Der  Islam  im  Morgen-  und  Abendland. —  Wells,  Boulger,  Richthojen,  China . 
— Elphinstone,  Marshman,  Keene,  India. — Malleson,  Afghanistan. — fraser,  Benja- 
min, Persia.— Hammer,  Histoire  de  1'empire  ottoman.— Zinkeisen,  Geschichte  des 
osmanisches  Reiches  in  Europa.— Creasy,  The  Ottoman  Turks.— Freeman,  The 
Ottoman  power  in  Europe.—  Newman,  The  Turks  (in  his  Historical  sketches).— 
Lane-Poole,  The  story  of  f  \\r1iey. —Hertzberg,  Geschichte  der  Byzantiner  und  des 
osmanischen  Reiches.— Le  Beau,  Histoire  du  Bas-Empire.— Hop/,  Griechenland 
im  Mittelalter  (in  the  Encyklopadie  of  Ersch  and  Gruber).—Finlay,  The  Byzan- 
tine and  Greek  empires ;— Greece  and  the  Empire  of  Trebizond.— Grosvenor, 


Constantinople. — Mijatovich,  Constantine,  or  the  conquest  of  Constantinople. — 
Pttganel,  Histoire  de  Scanderbeg. —  Paparrigopoulo,  Histoire  de  la  civilisation 
he!16nique. — Gregorovius,  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Athen  im  Mittelalter. — Xenopol, 
Histoire  des  Rouniains. —  Sayoiis,  Histoire  des  Hongrois. — Leger,  Histoire  de 
1'Autriche-Hongrie  (also  in  Etig.  Iran  si.  as  History  of  Austro-Hungary ). —  Vambtry, 
Story  of  Hungary — Duncan,  Kelly,  Morfill,  Russia. — Rambaud,  Histoire  de  la 
Russie  (also  in  Eng.  trans/,  as  History  of  Russia). — Karamsin,  Histoire  de  1'empire 
russe  (from  the  Russian). — Gerebtzoff,  Histoire  de  la  civilisation  en  Russie. — 
Struhl,  Bruckner,  Geschichte  Rnsslands. — Schientann,  Russland,  Polen  und  Liv- 
land. 

The  most  important  of  all  works  on  the  Mongols,  that  of  Howorth,  we  yet  lack. 
The  value  of  Gibbon  for  this  study  must  not  he  overlooked. 

I.  The  Mongol  empire. 

1.  The  home  of  Turk  and  Mongol. 

2.  Jenghiz  Khan  (Genghis  Khan,  Chinghiz  Khan,  orig.  Temu- 

jin)  ( 1 162-1227)  an(i  his  conquest  of  Asia. 

3.  The  overrunning  of  eastern  Europe  by  his  lieutenants  and 

successors. 

4.  Kublai  Khan  and  the  Mongol  empire  at  the  opening  of  the 

1 4th  centnry. 
II.  The  Ottoman  Turks. 

1 .  Their  advent. 

Ertogrul. — Othman  (Osman,  b.  1258)  and  his  conquests 
from  the  Greek  empire  (1299-1326). — The  conversion 
of  the  Osmanlis  (Ottomans)  to  Islam. 

2.  Their  complete  conquest  of  Greek  Asia. 

Orkhan  ( 1326-1360). 
III.  Timur  (Tamerlane)  (1338-1405). 

1 .  His  birth  and  character. 

2.  His  romantic  early  career. 

3.  His  realm  of  Transoxiana. 

His  accession  to  royal  power  ( 1369). — His  sultanate. — His 
capital  at  Samarkand. — His  establishment  of  theo- 
cracy.— The  Ming  dynasty  in  China  and  the  expulsion 
of  the  Mongols  ( 1370). 

4.  His  conquests. 

a.  Khorassan.  — Seistan.  — Afghanistan.  —  Beluchistan. — 

I  ran .  — Turkestan .  — Si  beria . 

b.  The  invasion  of  Europe. 

c.  The  invasion  of  India. 

d.  The  invasion  of  Syria. 

e.  The  struggle  with  the  Ottomans. 

5.  His  relations  with  Christian  powers. 

6.  The  break-up  of  Timur's  empire. 
-.   The  Mongol  civilization. 


IV.  The  Greek  empire  after  the  Crusades. 

1.  Its  restoration. 

2.  Its  Latin  parasites  and  neighbors. 

3.  Its  Slavic  and  Turanian  protege's. 

Bulgaria. — Servia     (Stephen     Dushan,    1331-1355). — The 
rise  of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia. 

4.  Its  administration. 

5.  Its  civilization. 

6.  Its  relations  with  the  West. 

The  efforts  to  renew  the  Crusades. — The  negotiations 
with  the  Latin  Church. 

7.  The  struggle  with  the  Turks. 
V.  The  Ottomans  in  Europe. 

1.  Their  raids  from  Asia. 

2.  Their  invasion  of  Europe. 

Murad  (Amurath)  I  ( 1360-1389). — The  fall  of  Adrianople 
(1360). — The  conquest  of  Thrace  (Roumelia). — The  in- 
vasion of  Bulgaria, — of  Servia  (Kossovo,  1389). 

3.  Their  conquest  of  the  Balkan  peninsula. 

Bayazid  (Bajazet)  I  (1389-1402). — The  Hungarian  cru- 
sade.— Nicopolis  (1394). 

4.  Their  interruption  by  Timur. 

The  Ottoman  conquests  in  Asia. — The  collision  with 
Timur. — Angora  ( 1402 )  and  the  ravaging  of  Asia  Minor. 
— Mohammed  I  (1402-1421). 

5.  The  fall  of  Constantinople. 

Murad  II  (1421-1451). — The  renewal  of  the  Ottoman 
attack  (1422). — The  war  in  Hungary  and  Servia. — John 
Hunyady. — His  invasion  of  Bulgaria  (Varna,  1444). — 
The  war  in  Greece  and  Albania. — Scanderbeg. — The 
second  Kossovo  (1448). — Mohammed  II  (1451)  and  the 
siege  and  capture  of  Constantinople  ( 1453). — Its  results. 


RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION. 

VI. 
THE  REVIVAL  OF  THE  NATION. 

literature.  On  nationality  there  is  no  better  book  than  Mulford,  Tht 
Nation.  Of  the  rise  of  the  modern  states  Wilson's  The  State  affords  a  lucid  gen- 
eral survey.  The  details  must  be  sought  in  the  national  and  the  constitutional 
histories. 

I.  Nationality. 

II.  How  it  had  been  lost. 

1 .  Among  the  Romans. 

2.  Among  the  Barbarians. 

3.  In  the  Holy  Roman  Empire. 

4.  In  the  younger  states. 

III.  How  it  came  back. 

1 .  The  fusion  of  the  races. 

2.  The  growth  of  the  royal  power. 

3.  The  rise  of  the  vernacular  literatures. 

4.  The  advent  of  the  third  estate. 

5.  The  growth  of  representative  assemblies. 

IV.  Where  it  came  back. 

1.  In  France. 

2.  In  England. 

3.  In  Scotland. 

4.  In  Bohemia. 

5.  In  the  Spanish  peninsula. 

V.  Where  it  lagged  and  why. 


RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION. 

VII. 
THE  REVIVAL  OF  THE  INDIVIDUAL. 


Most  suggestive  perhaps  are  Burckhardt,  The  civilisation  of 
the  period  of  the  Renaissance  in  Italy,  Voigt,  Die  Wiederbelebung  des  classischeu 
Alterthums,  Symonds,  Renaissance  in  Italy  (especially  the  volumes  on  The  age  of 
the  despots.  The  revival  of  learning,  and  The  fine  arts'),  Geiger,  Renaissance  und 
Humanismus,  Korting,  Geschichte  der  Litteratur  Italiens  im  Zeitalterder  Renais- 
sance, Robinson  and  Rolfe,  Petrarch  . 

I.  Individuality. 
II.  How  it  had  been  lost. 

III.  When  and  where  it  came  back. 

1.  The  influence  of  the  Crusades. 

2.  The  wandering  scholars. 

3.  Provence  and  the  Albigenses. 

4.  Frederic  II  and  his  Sicilian  court. 

5.  The  Italian  city-republics. 

6.  The  age  of  the  despots. 

IV.  How  it  came  back. 

1.  Taste. 

a.  The  revival  of  literature. 

b.  The  revival  of  art. 

2.  Curiosity. 

a.  The  revival  of  learning. 

b.  The  revival  of  research. 

c.  The  age  of  discovery. 

d.  The  age  of  invention. 

3.  Conscience. 

a.  The  heretics. 

b.  The  reformers. 


RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION. 
REVIVAL  OF  LITERATURE.— DANTE. 
Summary. 

Boccaccio's  tribute  to  Dante  as  a  man  of  letters.  State  of  literature 
in  Italy  during  the  I3th  century.  Influence  of  Provenjal  poetry. 
Chivalrous  love.  Guido  Guinicelli  and  the  poets  of  the  dolce  stil  nu- 
ovo  ( ' '  the  sweet  new  style  " ) .  Spread  of  the  reform  movement  from 
Bologna  to  Florence. 

Dante's  first  work,  La  Vita  Nuova  (The  New  Life),  written  under 
the  influence  of  the  literary  awakening.  Character  of  the  work. 
Nature  of  Dante's  love  for  Beatrice.  Few  facts  of  his  early  life  known 
to  us.  His  originality. 

Political  activity.  Factions  in  Florence.  Entrance  of  Charles  of 
Valois  (1301).  Exile  of  the  Whites,  including  Dante  (1302).  Disor- 
dered state  of  the  whole  of  Italy.  Dante's  hopes  for  peace  through 
the  coming  of  an  emperor.  Coronation  of  Henry  VII  (1309)  ;  his 
failure  to  subdue  the  Italian  cities,  and  death  (1313).  With  this  dis- 
appointment goes  the  last  hope  of  Dante's  return  to  Florence. 

La  Commedia.  Why  so  named.  The  prefixed  divina  the  addition 
of  a  later  century.  Dante's  love  for  the  vernacular.  Mediaeval  visions 
of  the  hereafter.  Dante's  endeavor  to  individualize  his  characters. 
His  teaching  concerning  the  relation  of  man's  life  on  earth  to  that  in 
a  future  state.  Various  principles  on  which  he  singled  out  particular 
persons  for  mention  in  his  work.  His  character  as  a  judge.  His  atti- 
tude toward  his  teachers.  Virgil  and  the  ancient  classics.  Style  of 
the  Commedia.  Conclusion. 

Note  .-—For  the  general  purposes  of  the  English  reader  the  best  translations  of 
the  Vita  Nuora  are  those  by  Prof.  Norton  (ion  D  88)  and  D.  G.  Rossetti  (1014  A 
183  a).  Of  the  Commedia,  Longfellow's  is  the  most  accurate  of  the  verse  render- 
ings (1012  D  96  a-c).  In  the  way  of  literal  prose  translations  the  best  are  those 
by  J.  A.  Carlyle  (the  Inferno  only,  1012  D  68  c),  by  Prof.  Norton  (complete,  ion  i> 
47-49)  and  by  A.  J.  Butler  (with  text,  1012  E  30-32). 


THE  RENAISSANCE. 

VIII. 
THE  REVIVAL  OF  LITERATURE. 

Sources.  For  the  subject  as  a  whole,  besides  the  histories  of  general  litera- 
ture (notably  Monnier,  I,a  Renaissance  de  Dante  a  Luther)  and  of  Italian  litera- 
ture (to  students  of  history  the  brief  new  work  of  Garnett  may  especially  be 
commended),  and  besides  Burckhardt,  Symonds,  Geiger :— Gebhart,  Les  origines 
de  la  Renaissance. — Carriers,  Die  Kunst  im  Zusammenhang  der  Culturenwicke- 
lutig.—  Schaff,  The  Renaissance  (in  vol.  iii  of  the  Papers  of  the  American  Society 
of  Church  History). — Stebbing,  Italian  poets.  Much  may  of  course  be  found  both 
in  the  histories  of  Italy  and  in  those  of  the  several  Italian  states,  notably  in  those 
of  Florence  (as,  e.  g.,  in  Mrs.  Oliphant's  charming  Makers  of  Florence).  For  the 
study  of  Dante  we  possess,  through  the  generosity  of  Professor  Willard  Fiske,  the 
richest  of  all  extant  collections.  It  is  now  being  catalogued,  with  great  special 
learning,  by  Mr.  Koch,  and  the  part  describing  the  editions  and  versions  of 
Dante's  own  works  is  already  in  print.  That  dealing  with  the  much  more  nu- 
merous books  on  Dante  and  his  time  is  yet  incomplete,  but  is  accessible  to  those 
who  need  it.  The  university  library's  catalogue  will  help  us  to  the  more  import- 
ant. As  to  the  translations  we  have  Mr.  Koch's  advice.  Of  the  commentators 
Scartazzini  (available  in  English  abridgment  as  well  asin  German  or  Italian)  is 
most  learned  and  elaborate  ;  but  the  lesser  books  of  Botta,  Butler,  Moore,  Symonds. 
will  perhaps  serve  for  us  as  good  a  purpose.  The  little  volumes  on  Dante  and 
Petrarch  by  Mrs.  Oliphant  and  by  Reeve  (in  the  series  of  Foreign  Classics  for  En- 
glish Readers)  are  of  use  to  those  who  know  no  Italian.  Of  Boccaccio's  novels 
there  are  specimens  in  English  translation  in  Koscoe's/talian  novelists.  The  best 
lives  of  Petrarch  and  Boccaccio  aie  those  by  Koerting  ;  but  their  relation  to  the 
revival  of  letters  is  best  treated  by  Voigt.  For  English  readers  there  is  in  this 
field  no  more  fascinating  book  than  the  selection  from  Petrarch's  letters  just 
edited  by  Robinson  and  Rolfe  {Petrarch,  the  first  modern  scholar).  On  Chaucer's 
place  in  the  general  history  of  literature  and  of  thought  there  are  excellent  pages 
in  Ward's  life  of  him,  in  Ivounsbury's  Studies  in  Chaucer,  and  in  Green's  History 
of  the  English  People  ;  and  a  German  student  (Kissner)  has  devoted  a  monograph 
to  his  relations  with  Italian  literature.  But  dip  rather,  under  the  guidance  of 
these,  into  Chaucer's  own  pages.  Of  the  revival  of  learning  the  best  history  is 
Voigt's  (Die  Wiederbelebung  des classischen  Alterthums),  which  is  completed  by  his 
life  of  Pope  Pius  II  (Enea  Silvio  und  sein  Zeitalter).  The  results  of  his  research 
may  be  best  studied  in  English  in  Symonds  or  in  the  articles  of  President  VVool- 
sey  on  The  Revival  of  Letters  (in  the  New  Englander,  1864,  1865).  For  southern 
Italy  much  is  added  by  Gothein's  Die  Kultur-Entwicklung  Sud-Italiens.  The 
Renaissance  popes  may  be  studied  also  in  the  pages  of  Milman,  Creighton,  and 
Pastor;  and  the  contemporary  history  of  them  by  their  humanistic  librarian, 
Platina,  is  of  high  interest  and  importance.  There  is  an  English  life  of  Poggio 
by  Shepherd,  of  Politian,  Pico,  and  their  friends  by  Greswell,  of  Lorenzo  de' 
Medici  by  Roscoe  and  by  Armstrong;  and,  in  English  translation,  an  admirable 
sketch  of  the  Renaissance  and  of  its  political  background  in  l^illari's  introduc- 
tion to  his  great  work  on  Machiavelli  and  his  times. 

I.   Dante  ( 1265-1321 ). 
II.   Petrarch  (1304-1374). 


III.  Boccaccio  (1313-1375)- 
IV.  Chaucer  (1328?  I34o?-i4oo). 
V.  The  revival  of  letters. 

1 .  The  revival  of  Latin  letters. 

Dante's  share  in  it. — Petrarch's. — Boccaccio's. — The  liter- 
ary discoveries. — Humanism  militant. — Humanism  tri- 
umphant. 

2.  The  revival  of  Greek  letters. 

Petrarch's  share  in  it. — Boccaccio's. — The  Greek  school- 
masters ( Malpaghini, —  Barzizza, — Chrysoloras, —  Trape- 
zuntios). — The  Greek  exiles  (Gemistos  Plethon, — Theo- 
doros  Gaza, — Bessarion , — Argyropulos ) . 

3.  The  Florentine  Humanists. 

a.  Marsigli. — Salutato. — Poggio  ( 1380-1459). — The  Strozzi 

and  their  Republic  of  the  Muses. 

b.  Cosimo  de'  Medici  (b.  1389,  supreme  at  Florence,  1434- 

1464). — His  circle  (Niccoli,  Leonardo  Bruni,  Marsup- 
pini,  Traversari,  Guarino). — Filelfo  and  his  career. — 
Alberti. 

c.  Lorenzo  the  Magnificent  (b.  1449,  supreme  at  Florence, 

1469-1492)  and  his  Platonic  academy  (Ficino,  Politian, 
Pico  della  Mirandola). 

d.  Humanism  in  the  other  city-republics  (Siena,  Venice, 

Genoa). 

4.  Humanism  at  the  Italian  courts. 

Naples  under  the  Houses  of  Anjou  and  of  Aragon  ( Becca- 
delli,  Valla,  Pontano). — Cangrande  della  Scala  at  Vero- 
na.— The  Carrara  at  Padua. — The  Visconti  and  the  Sforza 
at  Milan. — The  Gonzaga  at  Mantua. — The  Este  at  Ferra- 
ra. — The  Montefeltro  at  Urbino. — The  Malatesta  at  Ri- 
mini. 

5.  Humanism  on  the  Papal  throne. 

Tommaso  Parentucelli  as  Nicolas  V  (1447-1455). — His 
library. — His  translators. — Enea  Silvio  de'  Piccolomini 
as  Pius  II  (1458-1464). — His  earlier  career  as  scholar,  as 
poet,  as  diplomat,  as  prelate. — His  patronage  of  letters. 

6.  Humanism  and  the  schools. 

7.  Humanism  beyond  the  Alps. 

In  England. — In  Germany. — In  Hungary  and  Poland. — 
In  France. — In  Spain. 


THE  RENAISSANCE, 
x. 

THE  REVIVAL  OF  SCIENCE. 

I.  The  new  learning. 

1.  Its  thirteenth -century  forerunners. 

The  restored  Aristotle. — Albertus    Magnus. — Roger 
Bacon. — Raymund  Lull. 

2.  Its  relation  to  the  revival  of  letters. 

3.  Its  bloom  in  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century. 

1 1 .  The  revival  of  research. 

1 .  In  the  physical  sciences. 

a.  Astronomy. 

b.  Physics. 

c.  Chemistry. 

2.  In  the  natural  sciences. 

a.  Zoology. 

b.  Botany. 

c.  Mineralogy. 

d.  Anatomy  and  physiology. 

e.  Medicine  and  surgery. 

III.  The  age  of  invention. 

1.  In  navigation. 

a.  The  compass. 

b.  The  astrolabe. — The  quadrant. — The  sextant. 

c.  The  science  of  navigation. 

2.  In  war. 

a.  Gunpowder. 

b.  Cannon. 

c.  Hand  fire-arms. 

d.  Tactics  and  strategy. 

3.  In  book-making. 

a.  Paper. 

b.  Printing. 

c.  Publishing. 

4.  In  other  fields. 

a.  Mirrors. — Lenses. — Spectacles. — The    telescope. — The 

microscope. 

b.  Clocks. — Watches. 


RENAISSANCE  AND  REFORMATION. 

XI. 
THE  REVIVAL  OF  CONSCIENCE. 

I.  The  critics. 

The   Goliards.  —  Dante.  —  Petrarch.  —  Boccaccio.  — Chaucer.  — 
Valla. 

II.  The  reformers. 

1.  The  ecclesiastical  reformers. 

a.  Monastic  reformers. 

Their  aim. — The  Benedictine  reformers. — The  austerer 
orders. — The  regular  canons. — The  friars. — Savona- 
rola.— The  outcome. 

b.  Papal  reformers. 

Their  aim. — Their  methods. — The  outcome. 

c.  Conciliar  reformers. 

Their  aim. — Their  theory. — The  reform  councils  (Pisa, 
1409, — Constance,  1414-1418, — Basel,  1431-1449). — 
The  outcome  and  the  outlook. 

2.  The  biblical  reformers. 

a.  The  Waldenses. 

b.  Wiclif  (Wyclif,  Wycliffe,  Wickliffe)  (1320-1384.) 

c.  Hus  (Huss)  (1369-1415). 

d.  John  of  Goch. — John  of  Wesel. — Wessel. 

3.  The  mystical  reformers. 

a.  The  Franciscan  mystics. 

Joachim  of  Flora. — Segarelli. — Fra  Dolcino. — The  Fra- 
ticelli. 

b.  The  "  Brethren  of  the  Free  Spirit  "  and  the  "  Friends  of 

God." 

Nicholas  of  Basel. — Eckhart. — Tauler. — The  Theologia 
Germanica. 

c.  The  Beghards  and  Beguines. 

d.  The  "  Brethren  of  the  Common  Life." 

Ruysbroek  ( 1293-1381 )  and  Gerhard  Groot  ( 1340-1384). 
— Thomas  a  Kempis  and  the  fmitatio  Christi. 

4.  The  humanistic  reformers. 


THE  RENAISSANCE. 

XII. 
THE  AGE  OF  DISCOVERY. 

Literature.  In  sources  for  this  study  our  library,  like  all  the  larger  Amer- 
ican libraries,  is  rich.  For  our  present  cursory  purpose  perhaps  the  most  con- 
venient (besides  the  general  histories,  the  histories  of  geography,  and  the 
histories  of  America — notably,  in  English,  those  of  Bryant  and  Gay  and  of  Win- 
sor)  are  :  Peschel,  Ruge,  Das  Zeitalter  der  Entdeckungen. — Major,  Beazley,  Henry 
the  Navigator. — Stephens,  The  story  of  Portugal ; — Albuquerque. — Irving,  Helps, 
IVinsor,  Adams,  Markham,  Columbus. — Fiske,  The  discovery  of  America. — Helps, 
The  Spanish  conquest  in  America. — Guillemard,  Magellan.  Of  the  contemporary 
sources,  the  most  interesting — the  chronicles  of  the  conquest  of  the  Canaries  and 
of  Guinea  and  of  the  voyage  of  Vasco  da  Gama.  the  journal  and  letters  of  Colum- 
bus, the  commentaries  of  Albuquerque,  the  narratives  of  Magellan's  companions 
— are  printed  in  English  translation,  with  useful  introductions  and  notes,  in  the 
publications  of  the  Hakluyt  Society.  The  literature  on  the  early  travelers  to 
Cathay  has  been  mentioned  in  our  study  on  the  Turks  and  Mongols. 

I.  Discovery  and  its  motives. 
II.  Its  mediaeval  hindrances. 

III.  The  influence  of  the  Crusades. 

Pilgrims. — Traders. — Travelers. — Missionaries. —  Diplomats 
(thefameof  "  Presterjohn," — Plan-Carpin, — Ruhruquis). 

IV.  The  great  discoveries. 

1.  The  Italians. 

a.  Venice  and  Genoa. — The  eastern  trade  and  its  routes. 

— The  Polos  (1260-1292). 

b.  The  Genoese  in  the  Atlantic, — the  Canaries, — Guinea. 

2.  The  Portuguese. 

a.  Prince  Henry. 

The  House  of  Aviz. — John  the  Great  (  1383-1433).— 
Prince  Henry  the  Navigator  (1410-1460). — The 
conquest  of  Ceuta. — The  establishment  at  Sagres. 
— The  coasting  of  northwestern  Africa. — Madeira. 
— The  Azores. 

b.  John  II  (1481-1495). 

The  discovery  of  the  Congo  ( I4-S4), — of  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope  (1486). 

c.  Vasco  da  Gama  and  the  sea  route  to  India. 

The  Portuguese  round  Africa  (1497)  and  reach  Cali- 
cut (1498). 


d.  Cabral  and  the  discovery  of  Brazil  ( 1500). 

e.  Albuquerque   and    the    Portuguese    empire    in     India 

(from  1503). 

3.  Columbus. 

a.    His  wanderings. — b.  The  new  world   (1492-1506). — c. 
The  spread  of  the  tidings. 

4.  Magellan. 

The  first  circumnavigation  of  the  earth  (  1519-1522). 

V.   Results  of  the  discoveries. 

1.  Commercial. 

2.  Social. 

3.  Political. 

4.  Religious. 


THE  REFORMATION. 


CHRISTENDOM  AT  THE  END  OF  THE  FIFTEENTH  CENTURY. 

Source**.  Besides  the  general  and  the  national  histories  and  the  histories 
of  the  church  :  Willert,  The  reign  of  Louis  XI. — Barante,  Histoire  des  dues  de 
Bourgogne. — Kirk,  Charles  the  Bold. — Fredericq,  Le  r&le  des  dues  de  Bourgogne 
dans  les  Pays-Bas.—  Ulmann,  Kaiser  Maximilian  I. — Prescott,  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella.— Hefete,  Ximenez  (from  the  German). — Gairdner,  Ramsay,  Lancaster  and 
York. — Oman,  Warwick..-— Moberly,  The  early  Tudors.  —  Gairdner,  Henry  VII. — 
Busch,  England  unter  den  Tudors  (also  in  English  as  England  under  the 
Tudors),  i. — Creighton,  History  of  the  Papacy,  iii. — Pastor,  Geschichte  der  Papste, 
ii,  iii.  To  the  scattered  contemporary  sources,  richly  represented  in  our  library, 
the  books  named  above,  the  national  bibliographies,  and  Potthast  will  give  ade- 
quate guidance. 

I.  Louis  of  France  and  Charles  of  Burgundy. 

1.  Louis  XI  (1461-1483). 

His  training. — His  policy. — The  "League  of  the  Public 
Good." — The  humbling  of  the  feudal  nobility. — 
The  intrigues  against  Burgundy. 

2.  Charles  the  Bold  (1467-1477). 

The  growth  of  the  Burgundian  power  (Ducal  Burgundy, 
1363, — Flanders,  Artois,  Nevers,  and  Franche- 
Comte",  13^4, — Holland  and  Hainaut,  1425-1433, — 
Namur,  1429, — Brabant,  1430, — Macon,  Auxerre, 
and  most  of  Picardy,  1435, — Luxemburg,  1443). — 
Charles  as  count  of  Charolais. — His  ambitions  as 
duke  of  Burgundy. — His  successes  (the  trapped  fox 
at  Pe"ronne, — the  pawned  lands  on  the  upper 
Rhine, — Guelders). — The  fatal  struggle  with  the 
Swiss  (Granson, — Morat, — Nancy). 
II.  Maximilian  of  Austria  and  the  Burgundian  heritage. 

1.  Maximilian,  "  the  last  of  the  knights." 

2.  The   Burgundian   marriage    (1477)    and   the    quarrel    with 

France. 

The  rescued  heritage. — Mary  of  Burgundy's  death 
(1482).— The  Archduke  Philip. 

3.  Maximilian  as  king  of  the  Romans  ( 1486-1493). 

The  recovery  of  Austria  and  the  Tyrol. — The  loss  of  the 
Breton  heiress. 


III.  The  building  of  Spain. 

1.  Isabella  of  Castile  (1474-1504). 

Her  realms. — Her  character. — The  royal  marriage  (1474). 

2.  Ferdinand  of  Aragon  (1479-1516). 

His  realms. — His  kinship. — His  character  and  policy. 

3.  The  winning  of  Granada  (1492),  of  Roussillon   (1493),  and 

of  the  Indies. 

4.  The  Portuguese  and  the  Austrian  marriages. 

IV.  The  strife  of  Lancaster  and  York  and  the  advent  of  the  Tudors. 

1.  The  Wars  of  the  Roses  (1453-1485). 

2.  Henry  VII  (1485-1509). 
V.  The  Papacy  as  an  Italian  power. 

1.  Sixtus  IV  (1471-1484). 

His  nepotism — the   Riarii   and   the   Delia   Rovere. — His 
Italian  wars. 

2.  Innocent  VIII  (1484-1492). 

His  family  (the  Cib6). — His  part  in  Italian  politics. 

3.  Cardinal  Rodrigo  Borgia  aud  his  accession   to   the   papal 

throne  as  Alexander  VI  (1492). 


THE  REFORMATION. 

II. 
THE  STRUGGLE  FOR  THE  BALANCE  OF  POWER. 

Sources.  Besides  the  general  and  the  national  histories  (including,  of 
course,  those  of  the  Italian  city-states)  :  Ranke,  Romanische  und  germanische 
Volker,  1494-1514  (also  in  English  as  Latin  and  Teutonic  nations)  ; — Die  Papste  in 
den  letzten  vier  Jahrhunderten  (also  in  English  as  The  Popes  during  the  i6th 
and  17th  centuries),  i ;— Deutsche  Geschichte  im  Zeitalter  der  Reformation  (also 
in  English  as  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Germany),  i ; — Savonarola  und  die 
florentinische  Republik.^/oAnion,  Europe  in  the  i6th  century  —Seebohm,  The 
era  of  the  Protestant  revolution. — Robinson,  The  end  of  the  Middle  Ages.—Maulde- 
la-Claviere,  Les  origines  de  la  revolution  francaise  au  commencement  du  i6e 
siecle.— Cherrier,  Charles  VIII.—  Lacroix,  Maulde-la- Clavier e,  Louis  XII.— Coch- 
rane,  Coignet,  Paris,  Francis  I.—Mignet,  RivaliU:  de  Franfois  I  et  de  Charles  V. — 
Ulmann,  Kaiser  Maximilian  \.-Prescott,  Ferdinand  and  Isabella.—  Hefele,  Xitne- 
nez  (from  the  German). — Leti,  Robertson,  Murray,  Baumgarten,  Charles  V.— 
Creighton,  History  of  the  Papacy,  iii,  iv.—  Pastor,  Geschichte  der  Papste,  iii. — 
Brosch,  Geschichte  des  Kirchenstaates  ;— Papst  Julius  \\.-Ollivier,  Alexandre  II. 
— Roscoe,  Murray,  Leo  X.—Zeller,  Italic  et  Renaissance.— Pasolini,  Caterina  Sforza. 

—  Villari,  Machiavelli  e  i  suoi  tempi  (also  in  English  as  Machiavelli  and  his  times). 

—  Tontmasini,  Nourrisson,  Machiavelli.—  Madden,  Meier,  Milman,  Perrens,  Rudel- 
bach,  and  especially   Villari,  Savonarola. — Gregorovius,  Gilbert,  Lucrezia  Borgia. 
—Brewer,  Henry  VIII.— Cavendish,  Gait,  Creighton,  Wolsey.     The  best  guides  to 
the  contemporary  sources  for  this  period  are  the  discussions  appended  to  the 
books  of  Ranke  and  Creighton.     Nearly  .all  the  more  important — the  state  papers 
of  France,  of  Austria,  of  Spain,  of  England,  the  reports  of  the  Venetian  envoys, 
the  journals  of  Marino  Sanuto,  of  Burchard,  of  Infessura — are,  as  far  as  printed, 
accessible  to  us.     One  of  the  most  useful  helps  to  the  study  of  the  period  is  Burd's 
excellent  edition  of  the  Prince  of  Machiavelli,  rich  in  tables,  summaries,  and  notes. 
Among  the  most  entertaining  sources  available  in  English  translation  is  the 
History  of  the  feats,  gests,  and  prowesses  of  the  Chevalier  Bayard  by  the  contem- 
porary who  calls  himself  the  "  Loyal  Servant." 

I.  Charles  VIII  and  the  French  invasion  of  Italy. 

1.  The  regency  of  Anne  of  Beaujeu  (1483-1491). 

2.  Charles  VIII. 

His   training.  —  His  character.  —  His  favorites. 

3.  The  Italian  expedition  (1494). 

The  French  claims  (to  Naples,  to  Milan). — Charles  at 
Lyons, — at  Asti, — at  Florence, — at  Rome, — at  Naples. 

II.  The  League  of  Venice. 

1.  The  retreat  of  the  French  (1495). 

Fornovo. — The  Treaty  of  Vercelli. — The  loss  of  the 
French  conquests. 

2.  Savonarola  and  the  Florentine  republic. 

Fra  Girolamo  Savonarola. — The  expulsion  of  the  Medi- 
ci.—The  theocracy  ( 1494-1497). — The  reaction.— The 
papal  excommunication. — The  ordeal  by  fire. — The 
storming  of  San  Marco. — Trial  and  execution  of 
Savonarola  (1498). — Machiavelli  and  the  later  fort- 
unes of  the  republic. 


III.  Ixniis  XII  and  Italy. 

1 .  Louis  of  Orleans. 

2.  His  accession  to  the  French  throne  (1498). 

3.  His  home  policy. 

The  Cardinal  d'Amboise. — The  Breton  marriage. 

4.  His  foreign  policy. 

The  break-up  of  the  Venetian  League. — The  French 
seizure  of  Milan  (1499). — The  Treaty  of  Granada. 

5.  The  Borgias  and  their  ambitions. 

Pope  Alexander  VI  and  his  children. — The  career  of 
Juan, — of  Lucrezia, — of  Cesare. — The  death  of  Alex- 
ander (1503). 

6.  The  war  of  Naples  (1502-1504 — the  chevalier  Bayard  and 

Gonzalvo  de  Cordova ) . — The  Treaties  of  Blois  ( 1504,  1505 ) . 

IV.  The  League  of  Cambray. 

1.  The  growing  might   of   Venice. — Her  dominions  and  her 

hopes. 

2.  Her  foes. 

Pope  Julius  II  ( 1503-1513). — The  Emperor  Maximilian. 
— Louis  of  France. — Ferdinand  of  Spain. — Florence. 
— How  she  stood  in  the  way  of  each. 

3.  The  league  ( 1508)  and  its  provisions. 

4.  The  war  (1509-1511). 

Venetian  losses  in  Europe  and  in  Asia. 

5.  Henry   VIII  (1509)    and    England's  return    to   European 

politics. 
V.  The  Holy  League. 

1.  Its  original  members  and  their  aims  (1511). 

2.  The  expulsion  of  the  French  from  Italy  (1512). 

3.  The  Spanish  conquest  of  Navarre  (1512). 

4.  The  restoration  of  the  Medici  and  of  the  Sforza. 

5.  Giovanni  de'Medici  as  Pope  Leo  X  (1513). 

6.  The  Treaty  of  Mechlin  (1513)  and  the  defeat  of  the  French 

at  Novara,  at  Guinegate,  and  at  Flodden. 

7.  Francis  of  Angouleme  as  Francis  I  of  France  (1515). 

8.  Marignano  (1515)  and  the  French  recovery  of  the  Milanese. 

9.  Charles   of    Hapsburg,   archduke    of    the  Netherlands,  as 

Charles,  king  of  Spain  and  the  Indies,  of  Sicily  and  of 
Naples  (1516). 

10.  The  Peace  of  Noyon  (1516). 
VI.  The  imperial  election. 

1.  Maximilian's  career  as  Emperor  (1493-1519). 

2.  The  imperial  constitution  and  the  attempts  at  its  reform. 

3.  The  succession  to  Maximilian. 

The  three  royal  candidates. — The  canvass  and  the  elec- 
tion (1519). — Charles  I  of  Spain  as  the  Emperor 
Charles  V. 


THE  REFORMATION. 

in. 
HUMANISM  AND  HERESY. 

I.  Transalpine  Humanism. 

How  and  why  it  differed  from  Italian  in  its  aims. — How  and 

why  in  its  influence  on  religion. 
II.  The  English  humanists. 

Grocyn  and  Ljnacre. — Colet  (1466-1519). — More  (1480-1535). 

III.  The  French  humanists. 

Lefe'vre  d'Etaples  (I455-I537)- 

IV.  The  German  humanists. 

1.  The  forerunners. 

Cusa  (1401-1464). — Heimburg  (1410-1472). — Hemmer- 
lin  (1398-1460). 

2.  The  wandering  humanists. 

Luder  (1415?- 1474?). — Celtes  (1459-1508). — Busch 
(1468-1534). — The  new  universities. 

3.  The  Rhenish  humanists. 

Agricola  (1443-1485). — Hegius  and  the  school  at  Deven- 
ter. — Dringenberg  and  the  school  at  Schlettstadt. — 
Dalberg.  —  Wimpheling  (1450-1528).  —  Brant  (1457- 
1521). — (Geiler. ) — Trithemius  (1462-1516). 

4.  The  burgher  humanists. 

Peutinger  (1465-1547). — Pirckheimer  (1470-1530).— 
Diirer  (1471-1528). 

5.  The  Erfurt  humanists. 

Mutian  (1471-1526). — Eoban  Hess  (1488-1540). — Crotus 

(I48o?-i54o). 
V.  Reuchlin  (1455-1522). 
VI.   Erasmus  (1467-1536). 
VII.  Ulrich  von  Hutten  (1488-1523). 
VIII.  The  quarrel  with  the  Obscurantists  ( 1509-1517). 

1.  Reuchlin  and  Pfefferkorn. 

2.  The  trial  of  Reuchlin. 

Hoogstraten  and  the  Inquisition. — The  voice  of  the 
universities. — The  verdict  at  the  papal  court. 

3.  The  Epistolae  obscurorum  virorum  (1515-1517). 


THE  REFORMATION. 

IV. 
THE  GERMAN  REVOLT  FROM  ROME. 

I.  Martin  Luther  (1483-1546). 

1.  His  birth  at  Eisleben  and  his  boyhood  at  Mansfeld. 

2.  His  schooldays  at  Magdeburg  and  at  Eisenach  (1497-1501). 

3.  His  university  life  at  Erfurt  (1501-1505). 

4.  Friar  Martin  (1505-1508). 

5.  The  professorship  at  Wittenberg. 

6.  The  journey  to  Rome  (1510). 

7.  Doctor  Luther. 

II.  The  dispute  about  indulgences. 

1.  Tetzel. 

2.  Luther's  views  and  how  he  came  by  them. 

3.  The  Ninety-five  Theses  (31  Oct.  1517). 

4.  Their  distribution  and  their  reception. 

a.  By  the  humanists. — b.  By  the  clergy. — c.  By  the   Ger- 
man people. — d.  At  Rome. 

III.  Luther's  break  with  Rome. 

1.  The  summons  to  Rome  (July  1518). 

2.  The  interview  with  the  legate  (Oct.  1518). 

3.  The  conference  with  the  envoy  (Jan.  1519). 

4.  The  disputation  at  Leipzig  (June-July  1519). 

5.  The  bull  of  excommunication  (15  June  1520). 

6.  Luther's  defiance. 

a.  The  books   ' '  To  the  Christian  Nobility  of  the  German 

Nation,"  "  On  the  Babylonish  Captivity  of  the  Church," 
"  On  the  Freedom  of  a  Christian  Man." 

b.  The  bonfire  at  Wittenberg  ( 10  Dec.  1520). 

IV.  The  Diet  of  Worms  (Jan.-May  1521 ). 

The  questions  before  it. — Its  action  as  to  the  Hapsburg 
lands, — as  to  the  imperial  government, — as  to  the  war, — as 
to  religion. — The  summons  to  Luther. — His  journey  to 
Worms. — The  hearings  before  the  Diet. — The  imperial 
ban. 


V.  The  heretic  in  hiding. 

1.  Luther  at  the  Wartburg  (May  I52i-March  1522). 

The  abduction. — The  Wartburg. — Junker  Georg. — His  cor- 
respondents.— The  translation  of  the  New  Testament. 

2.  Wittenberg  leaderless. 

Spalatin. — Melanchthon. — Carlstadt. — The  dissension  as 
to  monachism  and  the  mass. — The  student  disturbances. 
— The  Zwickau  prophets. 

3.  The  new  pope. 

Adrian  of  Utrecht  as   Pope  Adrian   VI    (Jan.    1522-Sept. 

1523)- 
VI.  The  open  revolt. 

1.  Luther's  return  to  Wittenberg. 

2.  Sickingen's  outbreak. 

3.  The  new  preachers  of  Lutheranism. 

4.  The  attitude  of  the  Council  of  Regency. 

5.  The  Diet  of  Nuremberg  (Nov.  1522-March  1523). 

The  pope's  appeal. — The  Gravamina. — The  committee  and 
its  report. — The  Diet's  edict. 


THE  REFORMATION. 

V. 
THE  SWISS  REVOLT  FROM  ROME. 

I.  The  Swiss  in  the  second  decade  of  the  i6th  century, 

i.  Their  territories. — 2.  Their  social  elements. — 3.  Their  reli- 
gious organization. 
II.  Ulrich  Zwingli  (1484-1531). 

1.  His  home. 

2.  His  humanistic  training  (at  Bern, — at  Vienna, — at  Basel). 

3.  His  pastorate  at  Glarns  (1506-1516). 

4.  His  preachership  at  Einsiedeln  (1516-1518). 

III.  Zurich. 

1 .  Zwingli  at  the  Great  Minster. 

2.  The  public  disputations  (1523-1524). 

3.  The  abolition  of  the  Roman  worship  ( 1524). 

Of  the  mass. — Of  images  and  relics. 

4.  The  conflict  with  the  radicals. 

Grebel. — Manz. — Hatzer. — Hubmaier. 

5.  The  reorganization  of  worship  and  discipline. 

The  sermon. — The  Lord's  Supper. — The  Antistes. — The 
theological  school. 

6.  The  disputation  at  Baden  (1526). 

Eck  and  CEcolampadius. — The  action  of  the  Swiss  Diet. 

7.  The  first  Swiss  religious  war  ( 1529). 

The  Forest  Cantons  and  their  Catholic  league. — The  Prot- 
estant league. — The  march  to  Cappel. — The  first  Peace 
of  Cappel. 

8.  The  conference  at  Marburg  (1529). 

9.  The  second  Swiss  religious  war  ( 1531 ). 

The  questions  at  issue. — The  blockade. — The  battle  of 
Cappel    (9  Oct.)    and   Zwingli's   death.  —  The   second 
Peace  of  Cappel. — The  reaction. 
10.  Bullinger  (1504-1575). 

IV.  Bern. 

Meyer. —  Haller. —  Manuel. — The  disputation  (1528). —  The 
Ten  Theses  and  the  reformation  edict. — The  Synod  of 
Bern  (1532). 


V.  Basel. 

CEcolampadius  (1482-1531). — The  revolution  (1529). — The 
exodus  of  the  humanists. — Myconius. 

VI.  Glarus. 

The  Tschudis. — Glareanus. — The  double  worship. 

VII.  St.  Gall. 

Vadianus   (1484-1551). —  Kessler. —  Town   and   abbey. — The 
seizure  of  the  abbey  ( 1529). — Toggenburg  and  Appenzell. 
VIII.  Schaffhausen. 

Hofmeister. — The  radicals  and  the  reaction. — The  triumph  of 

the  new  faith  ( 1529). 
IX.  Graubiinden  (the  Grisons). 

The  Rhsetian  leagues  and  their  alliance  with  the  Swiss. — 
Comander. — Gallicius  (1504-1566). — The  disputation  at 
Ilanz  (1526). —  Campell. — The  Rhseto-Romauic  church 
and  literature. 


THE  REFORMATION. 

VI. 
THE  FRENCH  REVOLT  FROM  ROME. 

I.  Lef£vre  d'Etaples  and  his  pupils. 

The  commentary  on  the  Pauline  epistles  (1512).  —  The  com- 
mentary on  the  Gospels  (1522). — The  translation  of  the 
New  Testament  (1523).  —  Farel  (1489-1565). — Roussel. — 
Arande. — Vatable. — Louis  de  Berquin  (1489-1529). —  The 
hostility  of  the  Sorbonne. 

II.  The  reformers  at  Meaux. 

Bishop  Briconnet. — Margaret  of  Valois. — Louise  of  Savoy. — 
Sorbonne,  Parlement,  and  King. — The  regency  of  Louise 
and  the  scattering  of  the  Meaux  reformers  (1525). — The 
first  executions. 

III.  The  refugees  and  their  influence  from  abroad. 

1.  Lefevre  and  Roussel  at  Strasburg, — in  Be"arn. 

2.  Farel  at  Gap, — at  Basel, — at  Strasburg, — at  Montbeliard, — in 

the  Bernese  Vaud, — at  Neuchatel  (1529), — among  the  Wal- 
denses  of  Piedmont  (1532), — at  Geneva. 

3.  Lambert  (1487-1530),  of  Avignon,  and  his  wanderings. 

4.  Clement  Marot,  the  poet  (1495-1544), — his  hardships  and  his 

exiles. 

IV.  Francis  and  the  reformers. 

The  king's  return  from  captivity  (1526). — His  humanist  sympa- 
thies and  his  fluctuating  policy. — The  fate  of  Berquin 
(1529). — The  Medicean  marriage  (1533). — The  chastise- 
ment of  the  Sorbonne. — Cop  and  Calvin  (1533). — Repres- 
sion in  the  provinces. — The  Du  Bellays  and  their  circle. — 
Francis  and  Melanchthon. — The  affair  of  the  placards 
(1534). — The  royal  edicts  (Jan.  1533). — The  persecution. — 
Du  Bourg  and  the  Edict  of  Coucy  (July  1535). — Fiirsten- 
berg  and  the  Edict  of  Lyons  (1536). — Francis  won  wholly 
to  the  reaction  (1538). — The  Edict  of  Fontainebleau  (1540). 
— The  burning  of  Dolet  (1546). — Francis's  death  (1547). 

V.  Geneva. 

i.  The  city. 

Its  rise  and  commercial  importance. — Its  population. — Its 
rights  and  ambitions  as  an  imperial  city. — The  claims  of 
its  bishops  and  of  the  dukes  of  Savoy. — Its  struggle  for 
independence. — Its  alliance  with  the  Swiss  (1526). — Its 
neighbors  (Savoy, — the  Bernese  Vaud, — Lausanne, — Fri- 
bourg, — NeuchStel ) . 


2.  The  reform. 

The  coining  of  Farel  (1532). — His  expulsion. — Froment. — 
Viret. — The  return  of  Farel  ( 1534). — The  Edicts  of  Refor- 
mation (1535,  1536). 

VI.  Calvin  (1509-1564). 

1.  His  training. 

His  parentage. — His  birth  and  home  at  Noyon. — His  studies 
at  Paris,  Orleans,  Bourges  (1523-1532). — His  humanistic 
career. — His  heresy  and  flight  (1533). — His  wanderings 
in  France. — His  stay  at  Basel  (1535-1536). — His  Christi- 
anae  religionis  institutio. — His  visit  to  Rende  of  Ferrara 
(1536). — His  advent  at  Geneva. 

2.  His  first  stay  at  Geneva  (1536-1538). 

His  Catechism. — His  pastorate. — His  Discipline  and  Con- 
fession of  Faith. — The  reformation  of  manners. — The  out- 
cry of  the  "  Patriots  "  and  their  victory  in  the  elections. — 
The  banishment  of  Calvin  and  Farel. 

3.  His  stay  at  Strasburg  (1538-1541). 

His  friends  (Bucer,  Capito,  Sturm). — His  French  pastorate. 
— His  activity  as  teacher  and  author. — His  share  in  the 
colloquies  at  Frankfort,  Haguenau,  Worms,  Ratisbon. — 
His  controversy  with  Sadolet. — The  recall  to  Geneva. — 
His  conditions. 

4.  His  autocracy  at  Geneva  ( 1541-1564). 

a.  His  civil  government. 

b.  His  church  polity. 

c.  His  theology. 

d.  His  rivals  and  foes. 

The  Patriots  and  the  Libertines. — Bolsec. — Servetus 
(1509-1553)  and  his  fate.— Castellio  (iSiS-^s) 
and  the  controversy  over  toleration. 

VII.  Calvinism  in  France. 

1.  Henry  II  (1547-1559)  and  his  religious  policy. 

The  "  chambre  ardente"  (1547-1550). — The  Edict  of  Cha- 
teaubriant  (1551). — The  Edict  of  Compie'gne  (1557). — 
The  contagion  of  martyrdom. 

2.  The  Calvinists. 

The  "Reformed  Church"  at  Paris  (1555). — Calvin's  part 
in  its  Confession  (1557). — The  singers  of  the  Pre-aux- 
clercs  (1558)  and  their  high-born  allies  (the  king  of  Na- 
varre, Conde",  Coligny,  Andelot). — The  synod  and  the 
first  "  Confession  of  Faith  of  the  Reformed  Churches  of 
France"  (1559). —  Du  Bourg  and  the  Parlement. — The"- 
odore  de  Beze  (Beza)  (1519-1605). — The  colloquy  of 
Poissy  (1561). — The  "  Edict  of  January  "  (1562). 


THE  REFORMATION. 

VII. 
THE  ENGLISH  REVOLT  FROM  ROME. 

i .  Henry  VIII  and  the  Humanists. 

Henry's  training  and  sympathies. — The  work  of  Colet. — The 
influence  of  Warham,  Fisher,  and  Fox. — The  influence  of 
Erasmus. — The  influence  of  More. 

II.  Wolsey. 

His  elevation  ( 1515). — His  attitude  toward  the  new  thought. — 
His  ecclesiastical  ambitions. — His  legatine  powers  (from 
1517). —  His  religious  policy. — Henry's  controversy  with 
Luther  (1521 ). — The  support  of  the  English  Humanists. 

III.  The  divorce. 

Catharine  of  Aragon  and  Anne  Boleyn. — Henry's  purpose  ( 1526) 
and  the  obstacles  in  its  way. — The  suit  in  the  legatine  court. 
— The  negotiations  with  the  pope. — Campeggio. — The  fall 
of  Wolsey  ( 1529). — Tyndale  and  the  beginnings  of  Protest- 
antism in  England  (1526-1529). — The  chancellorship  of 
More  (1529-1532). — Cranmer  and  the  submission  of  the 
divorce  question  to  the  universities  (1532). — The  rise  of 
Thomas  Cromwell. 

IV.  The  royal  supremacy. 

Cromwell's  solution  of  the  divorce  problem  :  the  royal  suprem- 
acy.— The  submission  of  the  clergy  (1531-1532). — Cran- 
mer primate  ( 1533). — The  secret  marriage  and  the  Anglican 
divorce. — The  pope's  reversal  of  the  action.— Henry's  ap- 
peal to  Council. — The  Statute  of  Appeals. — The  Statutes  of 
Annates. — The  Act  of  Supremacy  ( 1534). 

V.  The  Anglican  church. 

Its  organization  and  administration. — The  death  of  Fisher  and 
More  (1535). — The  suppression  of  the  monasteries  (1536, 
1539). — Tne  new  nobility. — The  English  Bible. — The  ultra- 
Protestants  and  the  reaction. — The  Articles  of  Religion 
(1539). — The  German  marriage  and  the  fall  of  Cromwell 
(1540).  —  England  and  the  German  Protestants. — The 
"King's  Book"  (1543). — The  "  King's  Primer"  (1545). — 
Henry's  death  (1547). — The  succession. 

VI.   Edward  VI  and  Protestantism  (1547-1553). 

The  Protector. — The  triumph  of  Protestantism. — The  book  of 
Common  Prayer. — The  new  Catechism. — The  Homilies. — 
The  Forty-Two  Articles  (1552). — The  influence  of  Witten- 
berg,— of  Zurich, — of  Strasburg, — of  Geneva. — The  Protest- 
ant persecution. 


THE  REFORMATION. 

VIII. 
THE  SOCIAL  REVOLUTION. 

I.  Its  mediaeval  forerunners. 

1 .  The  social  theories  of  the  Waldenses. 

2.  The  Lollards  and  the  English  peasant  revolt  ( 1381 ). 

John  Ball.— Wat  Tyler.— William  Longland. 

3.  The  Hussite  extremists  (the  Taborites)  in  Bohemia. 

4.  The  beginnings  of  social  revolution  in  Germany. 

The  example   of  the  Swiss. — The   "  Reformation  of    Em- 
peror  Sigismund  "   (1439). — The  Piper  of  Niklashausen 
( 1476). — The   Bundschuh  ( 1493,  1502). — The  city  revolu- 
tions. 
II.  The  peasant  outbreaks  of  1513-1517. 

Joss  Fritz  and  the  revived  Bundschuh  on  the  upper  Rhine. — 
"  Der  arme  Konrad'"  in  Wiirttemberg. — The  Kuruzzen  in 
Hungary. — The  peasant  uprisings  in  the  Austrian  lands  and 
in  the  Swiss  cantons. 

III.  The  social  effects  of  the  Lutheran  schism. 

The  teaching  of  Luther. — The  appeal  to  the  Scriptures. — The 
spirit  of  reform. — The  radical  preachers. — Carlstadtand  Miin- 
zer. — Hutten  as  a  preacher  of  revolution. — "  Karsthans  "  and 
"  New  Karsthans." — The  influence  of  the  almanac-makers. 

IV.  The  second  Diet  of  Nuremberg  (Sept.  1523-Apr.  1524). 

The  overthrow  of  the  Regency  by  the  Estates. — Popular  discon- 
tent at  it. — Their  action  on  the  religious  question. — Luther's 
reception  of  it. 
V.  The  great  Peasants'  War  (1524-1525). 

1 .  Its  outbreak  in  southern  Swabia. 

2.  The  Twelve  Articles  of  the  peasants. 

3.  The  spread  of  the  revolution  through  all  south  Germany. 

4.  The  peasants'  successes  and  their  larger  schemes. 

Carlstadt  at  Rothenburg. — Hipler. — Miinzer  and  his  rule  in 
Thuringia. 

5.  Luther's  attitude  toward  the  revolution. 

6.  The  overthrow  and  massacre  of  the  peasants. 
VI.  Why  as  yet  the  social  revolution  failed. 


THE  REFORMATION. 

IX. 
PROTESTANTISM  AND  THE  BALANCE  OF  POWER. 

I.  Why  Charles  V  did  not  enforce  the  Edict  of  Worms. 

1.  The  rebellion  of  the  Castilian  towns. 

2.  The  French  attempts  on  Navarre  and  Luxemburg. 

3.  The  league  of  Emperor,  Pope,  and  England  against  France. 

The  war  in  Italy. — Imperial  successes. — Bicocca  (1522)  and 
its  results. — The  treason  of  Bourbon  and  the  three-fold 
invasion  of  France  (1523). — Pope  Clement  VII  (1523) 
and  his  policy. — The  expulsion  of  the  French  from 
Italy  (1524)  and  the  futile  invasion  of  Provence. — The 
return  of  the  French  and  the  battle  of  Pavia  (1525). — 
Francis  Charles's  captive. — The  Treaty  of  Madrid  ( 1526). 

4.  The  League  of  Cognac  (May  1526). 

Francis's  perfidy. — The  league  against  Charles. — The  mo- 
tives of  its  members. — The  advance  of  the  Turks  on  sea 
(the  fall  of  Rhodes,  1522)  and  on  land  (Mohacs,  1526). 
— Imperialist  successes  in  Italy. — The  Lutheran  sack  of 
Rome  (1527). — The  vicissitudes  of  Milan,  of  Florence, 
and  of  Genoa. — French  disasters  (Aversa,  1528, — Lan- 
driano,  1529). — The  break  -up  of  the  league. — The  Treaty 
of  Barcelona  between  Charles  and  Clement  (June  1529). 
The  Peace  of  Cambray  (Aug.  1529). 

5.  The  Turkish  invasion  of  Austria  and  siege  of  Vienna  (Sept.- 

Oct.  1529). 

II.  Lutheranism  as  a  political  power. 

1.  The  Congress  at  Ratisbon  ( 1524), 

The  alliance  of  the  Catholic  princes  and  the  answering 
league  of  the  Lutherans. 

2.  The  Diet  of  Spires  (June  1526). 

The  pledge  of  a  Council. — The  suspension  of  the  penal 
clauses  of  the  Edict  of  Worms. — The  provisional  grant 
of  religious  freedom. — Religious  territorialism. 

3.  The  second  Diet  of  Spires  (Feb.  1529). 

The  revocation  of  the  concessions  of  1526. — The  Protest 
and  the  "  Protestants." 

4.  The  Diet  of  Augsburg  (June-Nov.  153°)- 

Charles  once  more  in  Germany. — The  Augsburg  Confession 
(confessio  Augustana}  and  its  signers. — The  Confession 


of     the     Four    Cities     (confessio    tetrapolitana}. — The 
Catholic    Confutatio. — The    "Recess"    (Abschied). — 
The  Protestants  given  till  April. 
5.  The  League  of  Schmalkalden  (Dec.  1530). 

III.  Francis  of  France  and  the  German  Protestants. 

1.  The  Schmalkaldic  League  and  Francis  I. 

2.  Ferdinand  of  Hapsburg  as  King  of  the  Romans. 

His  election  (1531).— His  character. — The  delay  of  the 
Protestant  princes  to  recognize  him. 

3.  The  religious  peace  of  Nuremberg  (July  1532). 

Charles's  concessions. — His  promise  at  the  Diet  of  Ratis- 
bon  (Regensburg). 

4.  The  repulse  of  the  Turk  (Aug.  1532). 

5.  The  restoration  of  Ulrich  of  Wurttemberg  (1534). 

Francis  aids  the  Protestant  Landgrave  of  Hesse. — Wurt- 
temberg Protestant. 

6.  The  expedition  against  Tunis  (1535). 

7.  The  renewal  of  the  Italian  wars  ( 1536). 

French  intrigues  with  Protestant  and  Turk. — The  end  of 
the  Sforzas. — The  French  in  Italy. — Charles's  challenge. 
— The  ravaging  of  Provence. — The  rising  of  Ghent 
(!537)- — The  Truce  of  Nice  (1538). 

8.  The  progress  of  Protestantism  in  Germany. 

The  organization  of  the  evangelical  churches. — The  secu- 
larization of  ecclesiastical  territories.  —  The  political 
gains. — The  conference  at  Ratisbon  ( 1541 ). — The  failure 
of  the  compromise. — Charles's  concessions  to  the  Protes- 
tants. 

9.  The  final  struggle  of  Charles  and  Francis. 

The  allies  of  each. — Charles's  disasters  in  Hungary  and 
Algiers. — Cerisoles  ( 1544). — The  invasion  of  Champagne. 
— The  Peace  of  Crespy  (Sept.  1544). 

IV.  The  Schmalkaldic  War. 

1 .  Charles  and  the  Protestants. 

The  Council  of  Trent  (1545). — The  cajoling  of  the  German 
princes. — Luther's  death. — -The  imperial  ban  (1546). 

2.  The  war. 

The  league's  tardiness. — Maurice  of  Saxony. — Miihlberg 
(1547). — The  captive  leaders. 

3.  The  Augsburg  Interim  ( 1548). 

4.  The  family  quarrel  (Ferdinand  vs.  Philip). 

5.  The  defection  of  Maurice,  and  the  Protestant  alliance  with 

France  (1552). 

6.  Maurice's  stroke  and  the  Treaty  of  Passau  (1552). 

7.  The  Religious  Peace  of  Augsburg  (1555). 


THE  REFORMATION. 
X. 

PROTESTANTISM  IN  THE  MEDITERRANEAN  LANDS. 

I.  Protestantism  in  Italy. 

1.  Italy  and  the  Papacy. 

2.  The  Church  and  religion  in  Italy  in  the  early  i6th  century. 

The  trend  toward  paganism  (Bembo). — The  trend  toward 
rationalism  (Pomponazzi). — The  orthodoxy  of  the  lower 
classes. 

3.  The  Fifth  Lateran  Council  ( 1512-1517)  and  its  influence  on 

Italian  thought. 

4.  The  national  and  anti-Italian  spirit  of  the  German  reformers 

and  its  effect  on  the  reception  of  their  ideas  in  Italy. 

5.  Pope  Adrian  VI  (1522-1523)  and  his  reforms. 

6.  Caraffa    (1476-1559)    and   the   beginnings    of    his    Catholic 

reformation. 

7.  The  mediating  reformers. 

Contarini. — Sadolet. — Morone. — Pole. — Their  share  in  the 
religious  colloquies  (1540-1541). 

8.  The  Protestant  ideas  in  Italy. 

At  Ferrara  (Renee  of  France  and  her  circle). — At  Modena. 
— At  Bologna. — At  Venice. — At  Naples  (the  patronage  of 
Juan  Valdes, — of  Julia  Gonzaga, — of  Vittoria  Colonna). 
— At  Lucca. — At  Siena. — Bruccioli  and  the  Italian  Bible. 
— Folengo  and  Flaminio. — The  Treatise  on  the  benefit  of 
Christ's  death. 

9.  The  Italian  martyrs. 

The    perfected    Inquisition    (1542).  —  Carnesecchi    (1500- 

1568). — Paleario  (1500-1570). 
10.  The  Italian  exiles. 

Ochino. —  Peter  Martyr. —  Vergerio. —  Castelvetro. —  Curio. 
— Gentilis. — The  Socini. 

II.  Protestantism  in  Spain. 

1.  The  Spanish  character  and  the  Spanish  faith. 

2.  The  religious  results  of  the  long  struggle  with  the  Moors. 

3.  Church  and  state  in  the  peninsula. 

4.  Ximenes  and  his  reform. 

5.  The  Spanish  Inquisition  and  the  Censure. 

6.  The  Spanish  mystics. 


7.  The  Spanish  Erasmists. 

Vives. — Alfonso  and  Juan  Vald£s. — The  two  Vergaras. — 
Virue"s. — Maldonado. 

8.  The  Spanish  Lutherans. 

Juan  de  Diaz. — The  brothers  Enzinas. — Francisco  de  San- 
Roman. 

9.  Lutheranism  in  Spain. 

The  Protestants  of  Valladolid  (the  Cazallas, — Domingo  de 
Rojas, — Carlos  de  Seso). — The  Protestants  of  Seville. — 
The  autos-de-fe  (1559-1560). — The  Spanish  Bible. 

10.  The  refugees. 

Perez. — Valera. — Tejada. 

11.  Carranza  (1503-1576). 

III.  Protestantism  in  Portugal. 

Damiao  de  Goes  (1501-1560). 

IV.  Why  Protestantism  gained  no  real  foothold  in  these  Romanic  lands. 


THE  REFORMATION. 
XI. 

PROTESTANTISM   IN   SCANDINAVIA   AND  IN  SLAVDOM,  IN 
HUNGARY  AND  IN  SCOTLAND. 

I.   Protestantism  in  Scandinavia. 

1.  Scandinavia  under  the  Union  of  Calmar  (1397-1513). 

2.  Christian  II  (1513-1523)  and  the  revolt  of  the  Swedes. 

3.  The  Danish  revolt  from  Rome. 

Humanism  in  Denmark  (Christian  Pedersen, — Paul  Elie- 
sen). — The  Danish  students  at  Wittenberg. — Christian 
II's  patronage  of  the  new  ideas  (Carlstadtat  Copenha- 
gen).— The  expulsion  of  Christian  and  the  accession, 
as  Frederic  I  ( 1523-1533),  of  the  Lutheran  duke  of  Schles- 
\vig-Holstein. — His  election-pledge. — The  spread  of  the 
new  ideas.— Hans  Tausen. — The  Diets  of  Odense  (1526, 
1527).— The  Danish  New  Testament.— The  Diet  of  Copen- 
hagen (1530). — Christian  II  in  Norway  (1531-1532). — 
Frederic's  death  (1533)  and  the  interregnum. — Liibeck 
under  Wullenwever  and  the  Counts'  Feud  (1533-1536). — 
Christian  III  and  the  establishment  of  Protestantism  in 
Denmark  and  Norway  (1536). — Bugenhagen's  organiza- 
tion of  the  Danish  chnrch  ( 1537). 

4.  The  Swedish  revolt  from  Rome. 

Gustavus  Vasa  (1496-1560). — His  ascent  of  the  Swedish 
throne  (1523). — His  encouragement  of  the  Lutherans. — 
The  taxation  of  the  clergy. — The  Diet  of  Westeras  ( 1527) 
and  the  synod  of  Orebo  (1529). — The  Swedish  church. — 
The  parallel  religious  policy  in  Finland  (Sarkilaks  and 
Michael  Agricola). — The  Finnish  church  and  literature. 

II.   Protestantism  in  Prussia  and  Livonia. 

1 .  The  complex  relations  of  church  and  state  in  these  lands. 

The  Teutonic  Order  and  its  sway. — The  cities  and  their 
privileges.— The  peasantry. 

2.  The  early  introduction  of  the  Lutheran  ideas. 

3.  Albert  of  Brandenburg  as  Grand-Master  in  Prussia. 

His  struggle  with  Poland. — The  loss  of  West  Prussia. — His 
adoption  of  the  new  ideas  and  his  marriage. — His  secu- 
larization of  the  Teutonic  Order  :  Prussia  a  duchy  and  a 
Polish  fief. 


4.  Albert  as  Duke  of  Prussia. 

His  administration. — His  church. — Speratus.— The  univer- 
sity of  Konigsberg. — Osiander. 

5.  Livonia  under  Plettenberg  (1496-1535). 

The  struggle  for  the  winning  and  keeping  of  independence. 
— The  religious  troubles  and  their  confusion  with  the  po- 
litical. 

6.  Kettler  and  the  partition  of  Livonia. 

The  Russian  invasion  ( 1558)  and  the  Polish  intervention. — 
Livonia's  fall  to  Poland. — The  share  of  Sweden  and  of 
Denmark. — Kettler  as  Duke  of  Courland  (1561). 

III.  Protestantism  in  Poland  and  Lithuania. 

The  relation  of  the  two  crowns. — The  Hussite  influence  in 
these  Slavic  lands. — The  influence  of  Wittenberg. — Queen 
Bona  Sforza  and  Lismanini. — The  humanistic  circle  at 
Cracow. — Stancari  and  his  Canones  reformationis . — The 
coming  of  the  Bohemian  Brethren  (1548). — The  Diet  of 
1552. — The  Diet  of  1556  and  religious  freedom. — Jan  Laski 
(1499-1560). — The  advent  of  the  Socini  (1551,  1579). 

IV.  Protestantism  in  Hungary. 

Among  the  Germans  (Transylvania). — Among  the  Magyars. 

V.  The  Scottish  revolt  from  Rome. 

The  martyrs  (Patrick  Hamilton,  1528, — Wishart,  1546). — 
The  influence  of  the  English  movement.— The  murder  of 
Cardinal  Beaton  (1546). — John  Knox  (1505-1572)  and  the 
introduction  of  Calvinism  (1555). — The  first  Covenant 
(1557). — The  civil  war. — The  abolition  by  Parliament  of 
papal  jurisdiction  and  of  the  Roman  worship  (1560). — 
The  organization  of  the  Scottish  church. 


THE  REFORMATION. 
XII. 

THE  SECTS  OF  THE  REFORMATION  AND  ITS  SOCIAL 
RESULTS. 

I.  The  results  to  faith  and  worship. 

1.  The  new  state  churches. 

The  Lutheran  churches. — The  Calvinistic  churches. — 
The  Anglican  church. 

2.  The  sects. 

a.  The  Bohemian  Brothers. 

b.  The  "  Anabaptists." 

Their  origin. — Their  tenets. — Their  name. — Their  lead- 
ers (Hubmaier, —  Denck, —  Munzer, —  Melchior  Hof- 
mann, — Jan  of  Leyderi, —  David  Joris, —  Menno  Si- 
mons).— Their  spread. — Their  vicissitudes  (the  perse- 
cution,—  the  Anabaptists  at  Waldshut, —  Miinzer's 
realm  at  Miihlhausen, — the  Anabaptist  common- 
wealth at  Miinster, — the  Baptists  in  the  Netherlands 
and  in  England). 

c.  The  "Anti-Trinitarians." 

Campanus. — Servetus. — Gribaldoand  his  circle. — Ochi- 
no. — The  Socini. 

d.  The  schisms  within  the  churches. 

Antinomianism. — Osiandrism. —  Synergism  and  Flaci- 
anism. — Majorism. — Kargism. — Zanchism. 

3.  The  growth  of  free  thought. 

a.  The  free-thinkers. 

Agrippa.  —  Paracelsus.  —  Schwenkfeld.  —  Sebastian 
Franck. — Ramus. 

b.  The  believers  in  freedom  of  thought. 

4.  The  rise  of  tolerance. 

a.  In  practice. 

b.  In  theory. 

Castellio. — Curio.  — Acontius.— Mino  Celsi. — Coornhert. 

II.  The  results  to  morals. 

III.  The  results  to  education. 

IV.  The  results  to  government. 
V.  The  reaction. 


